Pyrrolobenzodiazepines and conjugates thereof

ABSTRACT

and salts and solvates thereof, as well as their conjugates with a cell-binding agent.

The present invention relates to pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs), in particular pyrrolobenzodiazepines having a labile N10 protecting group, in the form of a linker to a cell binding agent.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Pyrrolobenzodiazepines

Some pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) have the ability to recognise and bond to specific sequences of DNA; the preferred sequence is PuGPu. The first PBD antitumour antibiotic, anthramycin, was discovered in 1965 (Leimgruber, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87, 5793-5795 (1965); Leimgruber, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 87, 5791-5793 (1965)). Since then, a number of naturally occurring PBDs have been reported, and over 10 synthetic routes have been developed to a variety of analogues (Thurston, et al., Chem. Rev. 1994, 433-465 (1994); Antonow, D. and Thurston, D. E., Chem. Rev. 2011 111 (4), 2815-2864). Family members include abbeymycin (Hochlowski, et al., J. Antibiotics, 40, 145-148 (1987)), chicamycin (Konishi, et al., J. Antibiotics, 37, 200-206 (1984)), DC-81 (Japanese Patent 58-180 487; Thurston, et al., Chem. Brit., 26, 767-772 (1990); Bose, et al., Tetrahedron, 48, 751-758 (1992)), mazethramycin (Kuminoto, et al., J. Antibiotics, 33, 665-667 (1980)), neothramycins A and B (Takeuchi, et al., J. Antibiotics, 29, 93-96 (1976)), porothramycin (Tsunakawa, et al., J. Antibiotics, 41, 1366-1373 (1988)), prothracarcin (Shimizu, et al, J. Antibiotics, 29, 2492-2503 (1982); Langley and Thurston, J. Org. Chem., 52, 91-97 (1987)), sibanomicin (DC-102)(Hara, et al., J. Antibiotics, 41, 702-704 (1988); Itoh, et al., J. Antibiotics, 41, 1281-1284 (1988)), sibiromycin (Leber, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, 2992-2993 (1988)) and tomamycin (Arima, et al., J. Antibiotics, 25, 437-444 (1972)). PBDs are of the general structure:

They differ in the number, type and position of substituents, in both their aromatic A rings and pyrrolo C rings, and in the degree of saturation of the C ring. In the B-ring there is either an imine (N═C), a carbinolamine (NH—CH(OH)), or a carbinolamine methyl ether (NH—CH(OMe)) at the N10-C11 position which is the electrophilic centre responsible for alkylating DNA. All of the known natural products have an (S)-configuration at the chiral C11a position which provides them with a right-handed twist when viewed from the C ring towards the A ring. This gives them the appropriate three-dimensional shape for isohelicity with the minor groove of B-form DNA, leading to a snug fit at the binding site (Kohn, In Antibiotics III. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 3-11 (1975); Hurley and Needham-VanDevanter, Acc. Chem. Res., 19, 230-237 (1986)). Their ability to form an adduct in the minor groove, enables them to interfere with DNA processing, hence their use as antitumour agents.

A particularly advantageous pyrrolobenzodiazepine compound is described by Gregson et al. (Chem. Commun. 1999, 797-798) as compound 1, and by Gregson et al. (J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 1161-1174) as compound 4a. This compound, also known as SG2000, is shown below:

WO 2007/085930 describes the preparation of dimer PBD compounds having linker groups for connection to a cell binding agent, such as an antibody. The linker is present in the bridge linking the monomer PBD units of the dimer.

The present inventors have described dimer PBD compounds having linker groups for connection to a cell binding agent, such as an antibody, in WO 2011/130598. The linker in these compounds is attached to one of the available N10 positions, and are generally cleaved by action of an enzyme on the linker group.

Antibody-Drug Conjugates

Antibody therapy has been established for the targeted treatment of patients with cancer, immunological and angiogenic disorders (Carter, P. (2006) Nature Reviews Immunology 6:343-357). The use of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), i.e. immunoconjugates, for the local delivery of cytotoxic or cytostatic agents, i.e. drugs to kill or inhibit tumor cells in the treatment of cancer, targets delivery of the drug moiety to tumors, and intracellular accumulation therein, whereas systemic administration of these unconjugated drug agents may result in unacceptable levels of toxicity to normal cells (Xie et al (2006) Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther. 6(3):281-291; Kovtun et al (2006) Cancer Res. 66(6):3214-3121; Law et al (2006) Cancer Res. 66(4):2328-2337; Wu et al (2005) Nature Biotech. 23(9):1137-1145; Lambert J. (2005) Current Opin. in Pharmacol. 5:543-549; Hamann P. (2005) Expert Opin. Ther. Patents 15(9):1087-1103; Payne, G. (2003) Cancer Cell 3:207-212; Trail et al (2003) Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 52:328-337; Syrigos and Epenetos (1999) Anticancer Research 19:605-614).

Maximal efficacy with minimal toxicity is sought thereby. Efforts to design and refine ADC have focused on the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as well as drug mechanism of action, drug-linking, drug/antibody ratio (loading), and drug-releasing properties (Junutula, et al., 2008b Nature Biotech., 26(8):925-932; Dornan et al (2009) Blood 114(13):2721-2729; U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,541; U.S. Pat. No. 7,723,485; WO2009/052249; McDonagh (2006) Protein Eng. Design & Sel. 19(7): 299-307; Doronina et al (2006) Bioconj. Chem. 17:114-124; Erickson et al (2006) Cancer Res. 66(8):1-8; Sanderson et al (2005) Clin. Cancer Res. 11:843-852; Jeffrey et al (2005) J. Med. Chem. 48:1344-1358; Hamblett et al (2004) Clin. Cancer Res. 10:7063-7070). Drug moieties may impart their cytotoxic and cytostatic effects by mechanisms including tubulin binding, DNA binding, proteasome and/or topoisomerase inhibition. Some cytotoxic drugs tend to be inactive or less active when conjugated to large antibodies or protein receptor ligands.

The present inventors have developed particular PBD dimers with linking groups for the formation of PBD conjugates with cell binding agents, and in particular PBD antibody conjugates.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect, the present invention provides compound A:

and salts of solvates thereof.

WO 2011/130598 discloses compound 80:

Compound A differs from this by comprising an iodoacetamide group for linking to the cell binding agent. This group may offer advantages over compound 80 with regards to its stability when bound to a cell binding agent (see below). The malemide group in compound 80 can undergo a retro-Michael reaction, becoming unconjugated from the cell binding agent, and thus vulnerable to scavenging by other thiol containing biological molecules, such as albumin and glutathione. Such unconjugation cannot occur with compound A. Also, the iodoacetamide group may avoid other unwanted side reactions.

In a second aspect, the present invention provides compound B:

and salts and solvates thereof.

Compound B differs from previously disclosed PBD dimers with a drug linker having a C2-3 endo-double bond, by having a smaller, less lipophilic C2 substituent, e.g. 4F-phenyl, propylene. As such, the conjugates of compound B (see below) are less likely to aggregate once synthesised. Such aggregation of conjugates can be measured by Size exclusion chromatography (SEC).

Both compound A and B have two sp² centres in each C-ring, which may allow for stronger binding in the minor groove of DNA, than for compounds with only one sp² centre in each C-ring.

A third aspect of the present invention provides a conjugate of formula ConjA:

or ConjB:

where CBA represents a cell binding agent. The link to the moiety shown is via a free S (active thiol) on the cell binding agent.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the effect on mean tumour volume in groups of 10 mice dosed with ADC1A at 0.3 (green) or 1.0 mg/kg (red) compared to vehicle (black) or naked Ig (blue) controls.

FIG. 2 shows the effect on mean tumour volume in groups of 10 mice dosed with ADC1B at 0.3 (light blue) or 1.0 mg/kg (green) compared to vehicle (black) or naked Ig (dark blue) controls.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a PBD dimer with a linker connected through the N10 position on one of the PBD moieties suitable for forming a PBD dimer conjugated via the linker to a cell binding agent.

The present invention is suitable for use in providing a PBD compound to a preferred site in a subject. The conjugate allows the release of an active PBD compound that does not retain any part of the linker. There is no stub present that could affect the reactivity of the PBD compound. Thus ConjA would release the compound RelA:

and ConjB would release the compound RelB:

A further aspect of the present invention is the compound RelB, and salts and solvates thereof.

The specified link between the PBD dimer and the cell binding agent, e.g. antibody, in the present invention is preferably stable extracellularly. Before transport or delivery into a cell, the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is preferably stable and remains intact, i.e. the antibody remains linked to the drug moiety. The linkers are stable outside the target cell and may be cleaved at some efficacious rate inside the cell. An effective linker will: (i) maintain the specific binding properties of the antibody; (ii) allow intracellular delivery of the conjugate or drug moiety; (iii) remain stable and intact, i.e. not cleaved, until the conjugate has been delivered or transported to its targeted site; and (iv) maintain a cytotoxic, cell-killing effect or a cytostatic effect of the PBD drug moiety. Stability of the ADC may be measured by standard analytical techniques such as mass spectroscopy, HPLC, and the separation/analysis technique LC/MS.

Delivery of the compounds of formulae RelA or RelB is achieved at the desired activation site of the conjugates of formulae ConjA or ConjB by the action of an enzyme, such as cathepsin, on the linking group, and in particular on the valine-alanine dipeptide moiety.

Cell Binding Agent

A cell binding agent may be of any kind, and include peptides and non-peptides. These can include antibodies or a fragment of an antibody that contains at least one binding site, lymphokines, hormones, hormone mimetics, vitamins, growth factors, nutrient-transport molecules, or any other cell binding molecule or substance.

Peptides

In one embodiment, the cell binding agent is a linear or cyclic peptide comprising 4-30, preferably 6-20, contiguous amino acid residues. In this embodiment, it is preferred that one cell binding agent is linked to one monomer or dimer pyrrolobenzodiazepine compound.

In one embodiment the cell binding agent comprises a peptide that binds integrin α_(v)β₆. The peptide may be selective for α_(v)β₆ over XYS.

In one embodiment the cell binding agent comprises the A20FMDV-Cys polypeptide. The A20FMDV-Cys has the sequence: NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVARTC (SEQ ID NO: 1). Alternatively, a variant of the A20FMDV-Cys sequence may be used wherein one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten amino acid residues are substituted with another amino acid residue. Furthermore, the polypeptide may have the sequence NAVXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXRTC (SEQ ID NO: 2).

Antibodies

The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, dimers, multimers, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (Miller et al (2003) Jour. of Immunology 170:4854-4861). Antibodies may be murine, human, humanized, chimeric, or derived from other species. An antibody is a protein generated by the immune system that is capable of recognizing and binding to a specific antigen. (Janeway, C., Travers, P., Walport, M., Shlomchik (2001) Immuno Biology, 5th Ed., Garland Publishing, New York). A target antigen generally has numerous binding sites, also called epitopes, recognized by CDRs on multiple antibodies. Each antibody that specifically binds to a different epitope has a different structure. Thus, one antigen may have more than one corresponding antibody. An antibody includes a full-length immunoglobulin molecule or an immunologically active portion of a full-length immunoglobulin molecule, i.e., a molecule that contains an antigen binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen of a target of interest or part thereof, such targets including but not limited to, cancer cell or cells that produce autoimmune antibodies associated with an autoimmune disease. The immunoglobulin can be of any type (e.g. IgG, IgE, IgM, IgD, and IgA), class (e.g. IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) or subclass of immunoglobulin molecule. The immunoglobulins can be derived from any species, including human, murine, or rabbit origin.

“Antibody fragments” comprise a portion of a full length antibody, generally the antigen binding or variable region thereof. Examples of antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂, and scFv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; fragments produced by a Fab expression library, anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies, CDR (complementary determining region), and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above which immunospecifically bind to cancer cell antigens, viral antigens or microbial antigens, single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e. the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibody preparations which include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they may be synthesized uncontaminated by other antibodies. The modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al (1975) Nature 256:495, or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567). The monoclonal antibodies may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al (1991) Nature, 352:624-628; Marks et al (1991) J. Mol. Biol., 222:581-597 or from transgenic mice carrying a fully human immunoglobulin system (Lonberg (2008) Curr. Opinion 20(4):450-459).

The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison et al (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81:6851-6855). Chimeric antibodies include “primatized” antibodies comprising variable domain antigen-binding sequences derived from a non-human primate (e.g. Old World Monkey or Ape) and human constant region sequences.

An “intact antibody” herein is one comprising a VL and VH domains, as well as a light chain constant domain (CL) and heavy chain constant domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3. The constant domains may be native sequence constant domains (e.g. human native sequence constant domains) or amino acid sequence variant thereof. The intact antibody may have one or more “effector functions” which refer to those biological activities attributable to the Fc region (a native sequence Fc region or amino acid sequence variant Fc region) of an antibody. Examples of antibody effector functions include C1q binding; complement dependent cytotoxicity; Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; and down regulation of cell surface receptors such as B cell receptor and BCR.

Depending on the amino acid sequence of the constant domain of their heavy chains, intact antibodies can be assigned to different “classes.” There are five major classes of intact antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into “subclasses” (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgA2. The heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of antibodies are called α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.

Humanisation

Techniques to reduce the in vivo immunogenicity of a non-human antibody or antibody fragment include those termed “humanisation”.

A “humanized antibody” refers to a polypeptide comprising at least a portion of a modified variable region of a human antibody wherein a portion of the variable region, preferably a portion substantially less than the intact human variable domain, has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species and wherein the modified variable region is linked to at least another part of another protein, preferably the constant region of a human antibody. The expression “humanized antibodies” includes human antibodies in which one or more complementarity determining region (“CDR”) amino acid residues and/or one or more framework region (“FW” or “FR”) amino acid residues are substituted by amino acid residues from analogous sites in rodent or other non-human antibodies. The expression “humanized antibody” also includes an immunoglobulin amino acid sequence variant or fragment thereof that comprises an FR having substantially the amino acid sequence of a human immunoglobulin and a CDR having substantially the amino acid sequence of a non-human immunoglobulin.

“Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. Or, looked at another way, a humanized antibody is a human antibody that also contains selected sequences from non-human (e.g. murine) antibodies in place of the human sequences. A humanized antibody can include conservative amino acid substitutions or non-natural residues from the same or different species that do not significantly alter its binding and/or biologic activity. Such antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulins.

There are a range of humanisation techniques, including ‘CDR grafting’, ‘guided selection’, ‘deimmunization’, ‘resurfacing’ (also known as ‘veneering’), ‘composite antibodies’, ‘Human String Content Optimisation’ and framework shuffling.

CDR Grafting

In this technique, the humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a complementary-determining region (CDR) of the recipient antibody are replaced by residues from a CDR of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, camel, bovine, goat, or rabbit having the desired properties (in effect, the non-human CDRs are ‘grafted’ onto the human framework). In some instances, framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues (this may happen when, for example, a particular FR residue has significant effect on antigen binding).

Furthermore, humanized antibodies can comprise residues that are found neither in the recipient antibody nor in the imported CDR or framework sequences. These modifications are made to further refine and maximize antibody performance. Thus, in general, a humanized antibody will comprise all of at least one, and in one aspect two, variable domains, in which all or all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence. The humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), or that of a human immunoglobulin.

Guided Selection

The method consists of combining the V_(H) or V_(L) domain of a given non-human antibody specific for a particular epitope with a human V_(H) or V_(L) library and specific human V domains are selected against the antigen of interest. This selected human VH is then combined with a VL library to generate a completely human VH×VL combination. The method is described in Nature Biotechnology (N.Y.) 12, (1994) 899-903.

Composite Antibodies

In this method, two or more segments of amino acid sequence from a human antibody are combined within the final antibody molecule. They are constructed by combining multiple human VH and VL sequence segments in combinations which limit or avoid human T cell epitopes in the final composite antibody V regions. Where required, T cell epitopes are limited or avoided by, exchanging V region segments contributing to or encoding a T cell epitope with alternative segments which avoid T cell epitopes. This method is described in US 2008/0206239 A1.

Deimmunization

This method involves the removal of human (or other second species) T-cell epitopes from the V regions of the therapeutic antibody (or other molecule). The therapeutic antibodies V-region sequence is analysed for the presence of MHC class II-binding motifs by, for example, comparison with databases of MHC-binding motifs (such as the “motifs” database hosted at www.wehi.edu.au). Alternatively, MHC class II-binding motifs may be identified using computational threading methods such as those devised by Altuvia et al. (J. Mol. Biol. 249 244-250 (1995)); in these methods, consecutive overlapping peptides from the V-region sequences are testing for their binding energies to MHC class II proteins. This data can then be combined with information on other sequence features which relate to successfully presented peptides, such as amphipathicity, Rothbard motifs, and cleavage sites for cathepsin B and other processing enzymes.

Once potential second species (e.g. human) T-cell epitopes have been identified, they are eliminated by the alteration of one or more amino acids. The modified amino acids are usually within the T-cell epitope itself, but may also be adjacent to the epitope in terms of the primary or secondary structure of the protein (and therefore, may not be adjacent in the primary structure). Most typically, the alteration is by way of substitution but, in some circumstances amino acid addition or deletion will be more appropriate.

All alterations can be accomplished by recombinant DNA technology, so that the final molecule may be prepared by expression from a recombinant host using well established methods such as Site Directed Mutagenesis. However, the use of protein chemistry or any other means of molecular alteration is also possible.

Resurfacing

This method involves:

-   -   (a) determining the conformational structure of the variable         region of the non-human (e.g. rodent) antibody (or fragment         thereof) by constructing a three-dimensional model of the         non-human antibody variable region;     -   (b) generating sequence alignments using relative accessibility         distributions from x-ray crystallographic structures of a         sufficient number of non-human and human antibody variable         region heavy and light chains to give a set of heavy and light         chain framework positions wherein the alignment positions are         identical in 98% of the sufficient number of non-human antibody         heavy and light chains;     -   (c) defining for the non-human antibody to be humanized, a set         of heavy and light chain surface exposed amino acid residues         using the set of framework positions generated in step (b);     -   (d) identifying from human antibody amino acid sequences a set         of heavy and light chain surface exposed amino acid residues         that is most closely identical to the set of surface exposed         amino acid residues defined in step (c), wherein the heavy and         light chain from the human antibody are or are not naturally         paired;     -   (e) substituting, in the amino acid sequence of the non-human         antibody to be humanized, the set of heavy and light chain         surface exposed amino acid residues defined in step (c) with the         set of heavy and light chain surface exposed amino acid residues         identified in step (d);     -   (f) constructing a three-dimensional model of the variable         region of the non-human antibody resulting from the substituting         specified in step (e);     -   (g) identifying, by comparing the three-dimensional models         constructed in steps (a) and (f), any amino acid residues from         the sets identified in steps (c) or (d), that are within 5         Angstroms of any atom of any residue of the complementarity         determining regions of the non-human antibody to be humanized;         and     -   (h) changing any residues identified in step (g) from the human         to the original non-human amino acid residue to thereby define a         non-human antibody humanizing set of surface exposed amino acid         residues; with the proviso that step (a) need not be conducted         first, but must be conducted prior to step (g).

Superhumanization

The method compares the non-human sequence with the functional human germline gene repertoire. Those human genes encoding canonical structures identical or closely related to the non-human sequences are selected. Those selected human genes with highest homology within the CDRs are chosen as FR donors. Finally, the non-human CDRs are grafted onto these human FRs. This method is described in patent WO 2005/079479 A2.

Human String Content Optimization

This method compares the non-human (e.g. mouse) sequence with the repertoire of human germline genes and the differences are scored as Human String Content (HSC) that quantifies a sequence at the level of potential MHC/T-cell epitopes. The target sequence is then humanized by maximizing its HSC rather than using a global identity measure to generate multiple diverse humanized variants (described in Molecular Immunology, 44, (2007) 1986-1998).

Framework Shuffling

The CDRs of the non-human antibody are fused in-frame to cDNA pools encompassing all known heavy and light chain human germline gene frameworks. Humanised antibodies are then selected by e.g. panning of the phage displayed antibody library. This is described in Methods 36, 43-60 (2005).

Examples of cell binding agents include those agents described for use in WO 2007/085930, which is incorporated herein.

Tumour-associate antigens and cognate antibodies for use in embodiments of the present invention are listed below.

Tumor-Associated Antigens and Cognate Antibodies

(1) BMPR1B (Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor-Type IB)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_001203

Genbank version no. NM_001203.2 GI:169790809 (SEQ ID NO: 45)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:06 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_001194

Genbank version no. NP_001194.1 GI:4502431 (SEQ ID NO: 46)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:06 PM

Cross-References

ten Dijke, P., et al Science 264 (5155): 101-104 (1994), Oncogene 14 10 (11):1377-1382 (1997)); WO2004/063362 (Claim 2); WO2003/042661 (Claim 12);

US2003/134790-A1 (Page 38-39); WO2002/102235 (Claim 13; Page 296); WO2003/055443 (Page 91-92); WO2002/99122 (Example 2; Page 528-530); WO2003/029421 (Claim 6);

WO2003/024392 (Claim 2; FIG. 112); WO2002/98358 (Claim 1; Page 183); WO2002/54940 (Page 100-101); WO2002/59377 (Page 349-350); WO2002/30268 (Claim 27; Page 376); 15 WO2001/48204 (Example; FIG. 4); NP_001194 bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IB/pid=NP_001194.1.; MIM:603248; AY065994

(2) E16 (LAT1, SLC7A5)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_003486

Genbank version no. NM_003486.5 GI:71979931 (SEQ ID NO: 47)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 27, 2012 12:06 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_003477

Genbank version no. NP_003477.4 GI:71979932 (SEQ ID NO: 48)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 27, 2012 12:06 PM

Cross References

Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 255 (2), 283-288 (1999), Nature 395 (6699):288-291 (1998), Gaugitsch, H. W., et 20 al (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267 (16):11267-11273); WO2004/048938 (Example 2); WO2004/032842 (Example IV); WO2003/042661 (Claim 12); WO2003/016475 (Claim 1); WO2002/78524 (Example 2); WO2002/99074 (Claim 19; Page 127-129); WO2002/86443 (Claim 27; Pages 222, 393); WO2003/003906 (Claim 10; Page 293); WO2002/64798 (Claim 33; Page 93-95); WO2000/14228 (Claim 5; Page 133-136); US2003/224454 (FIG. 3); 25 WO2003/025138 (Claim 12; Page 150); NP_003477 solute carrier family 7 (cationic amino acid transporter, y+system), member 5/pid=NP_003477.3—Homo sapiens; MIM:600182; NM_015923.

(3) STEAP1 (Six Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of Prostate)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_012449

Genbank version no. NM_012449.2 GI:22027487 (SEQ ID NO: 49)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 9, 2012 02:57 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_036581

Genbank version no. NP_036581.1 GI:9558759 (SEQ ID NO: 50) Genbank record update date: Sep. 9, 2012 02:57 PM

Cross References

Cancer Res. 61 (15), 5857-5860 (2001), Hubert, R. S., et al (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (25):14523-14528); WO2004/065577 (Claim 6); WO2004/027049 (FIG. 1L); EP1394274 (Example 11); WO2004/016225 (Claim 2); WO2003/042661 (Claim 12); US2003/157089 (Example 5); US2003/185830 (Example 5); US2003/064397 (FIG. 2); WO2002/89747 (Example 5; Page 618-619); WO2003/022995 (Example 9; FIG. 13A, 35 Example 53; Page 173, Example 2; FIG. 2A); six transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate; MIM:604415.

(4) 0772P (CA125, MUC16)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AF361486

Genbank version no. AF361486.3 GI:34501466 (SEQ ID NO: 51)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 07:56 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAK74120

Genbank version no. AAK74120.3 GI:34501467 (SEQ ID NO: 52)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 07:56 AM

Cross References

J. Biol. Chem. 276 (29):27371-27375 (2001)); WO2004/045553 (Claim 14); WO2002/92836 (Claim 6; FIG. 12); WO2002/83866 (Claim 15; Page 116-121); US2003/124140 (Example 16); GI:34501467;

(5) MPF (MPF, MSLN, SMR, Megakaryocyte Potentiating Factor, Mesothelin)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_005823

Genbank version no. NM_005823.5 GI:293651528 (SEQ ID NO: 53)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 2, 2012 01:47 PM Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_005814

Genbank version no. NP_005814.2 GI:53988378 (SEQ ID NO: 54)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 2, 2012 01:47 PM

Cross References

Yamaguchi, N., et al Biol. Chem. 269 (2), 805-808 (1994), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (20):11531-11536 (1999), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 10 (1):136-140 (1996), J. Biol. Chem. 270 (37):21984-21990 (1995)); WO2003/101283 (Claim 14); (WO2002/102235 (Claim 13; Page 287-288); WO2002/101075 (Claim 4; Page 308-309); WO2002/71928 (Page 320-321); WO94/10312 (Page 52-57); IM:601051.

(6) Napi3b (NAPI-3B, NPTIIb, SLC34A2, Solute Carrier Family 34 (Sodium Phosphate), Member 2, Type II Sodium-Dependent Phosphate Transporter 3b)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_006424

Genbank version no. NM_006424.2 GI:110611905 (SEQ ID NO: 55)

Genbank record update date: Jul. 22, 2012 03:39 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_006415

Genbank version no. NP_006415.2 GI:110611906 (SEQ ID NO: 56)

Genbank record update date: Jul. 22, 2012 03:39 PM

Cross References

J. Biol. Chem. 277 (22):19665-19672 (2002), Genomics 62 (2):281-284 (1999), Feild, J. A., et al (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 258 (3):578-582); WO2004/022778 (Claim 2); EP1394274 (Example 11); WO2002/102235 (Claim 13; Page 20 326); EP0875569 (Claim 1; Page 17-19); WO2001/57188 (Claim 20; Page 329); WO2004/032842 (Example IV); WO2001/75177 (Claim 24; Page 139-140); MIM:604217.

(7) Sema 5b (FLJ10372, KIAA1445, Mm.42015, SEMA5B, SEMAG, Semaphorin 5b Hlog, 25 sema domain, seven thrombospondin repeats (type 1 and type 1-like), transmembrane domain (TM) and short cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 5B)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AB040878

Genbank version no. AB040878.1 GI:7959148 (SEQ ID NO: 57)

Genbank record update date: Aug. 2, 2006 05:40 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. BAA95969

Genbank version no. BAA95969.1 GI:7959149 (SEQ ID NO: 58)

Genbank record update date: Aug. 2, 2006 05:40 PM

Cross References

Nagase T., et al (2000) DNA Res. 7 (2):143-150); WO2004/000997 (Claim 1); WO2003/003984 (Claim 1); WO2002/06339 (Claim 1; Page 50); WO2001/88133 (Claim 1; Page 41-43, 48-58); WO2003/054152 (Claim 20); WO2003/101400 (Claim 11); Accession: 30 Q9P283; Genew; HGNC:10737

(8) PSCA hlg (2700050C12Rik, C530008O16Rik, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12, RIKEN cDNA 2700050C12 gene)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AY358628

Genbank version no. AY358628.1 GI:37182377 (SEQ ID NO: 59)

Genbank record update date: Dec. 1, 2009 04:15 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAQ88991

Genbank version no. AAQ88991.1 GI:37182378 (SEQ ID NO: 60)

Genbank record update date: Dec. 1, 2009 04:15 AM

Cross References

Ross et al (2002) Cancer Res. 62:2546-2553; US2003/129192 (Claim 2); US2004/044180 (Claim 12); US2004/044179 35 (Claim 11); US2003/096961 (Claim 11); US2003/232056 (Example 5); WO2003/105758 16 (Claim 12); US2003/206918 (Example 5); EP1347046 (Claim 1); WO2003/025148 (Claim 20); GI:37182378.

(9) ETBR (Endothelin type B receptor)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AY275463

Genbank version no. AY275463.1 GI:30526094 (SEQ ID NO: 61)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 02:26 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAP32295

Genbank version no. AAP32295.1 GI:30526095 (SEQ ID NO: 62)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 02:26 AM

Cross References

Nakamuta M., et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 34-39, 1991; Ogawa Y., et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178, 248-255, 1991; Arai H., et al Jpn. Circ. J. 56, 1303-1307, 1992; Arai H., et al J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3463-3470, 1993; Sakamoto A., Yanagisawa M., et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178, 656-663, 1991; Elshourbagy N. A., et al J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3873-3879, 1993; Haendler B., et al J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 20, sl-S4, 1992; Tsutsumi M., et al Gene 228, 43-49, 1999; Strausberg R. L., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 16899-16903, 2002; Bourgeois C., et al J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82, 3116-3123, 1997;

Okamoto Y., et al Biol. Chem. 272, 21589-21596, 1997; Verheij J. B., et al Am. J. Med. Genet. 108, 223-225, 2002; Hofstra R. M. W., et al Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 5, 180-185, 1997; Puffenberger E. G., et al Cell 79, 1257-1266, 1994; Attie T., et al, Hum. Mol. Genet. 4, 2407-15 2409, 1995; Auricchio A., et al Hum. Mol. Genet. 5:351-354, 1996; Amiel J., et al Hum. Mol. Genet. 5, 355-357, 1996; Hofstra R. M. W., et al Nat. Genet. 12, 445-447, 1996; Svensson P. J., et al Hum. Genet. 103, 145-148, 1998; Fuchs S., et al Mol. Med. 7, 115-124, 2001; Pingault V., et al (2002) Hum. Genet. 111, 198-206; WO2004/045516 (Claim 1); WO2004/048938 (Example 2); WO2004/040000 (Claim 151); WO2003/087768 (Claim 1); 20 WO2003/016475 (Claim 1); WO2003/016475 (Claim 1); WO2002/61087 (FIG. 1); WO2003/016494 (FIG. 6); WO2003/025138 (Claim 12; Page 144); WO2001/98351 (Claim 1; Page 124-125); EP0522868 (Claim 8; FIG. 2); WO2001/77172 (Claim 1; Page 297-299); US2003/109676; U.S. Pat. No. 6,518,404 (FIG. 3); U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,223 (Claim 1a; Col 31-34); WO2004/001004.

(10) MSG783 (RNF124, hypothetical protein FLJ20315)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_017763

Genbank version no. NM_017763.4 GI:167830482 (SEQ ID NO: 63)

Genbank record update date: Jul. 22, 2012 12:34 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_060233

Genbank version no. NP_060233.3 GI:56711322 (SEQ ID NO: 64)

Genbank record update date: Jul. 22, 2012 12:34 AM

Cross References

WO2003/104275 (Claim 1); WO2004/046342 (Example 2); WO2003/042661 (Claim 12); WO2003/083074 (Claim 14; Page 61); WO2003/018621 (Claim 1); WO2003/024392 (Claim 2; FIG. 93); WO2001/66689 (Example 6); LocusID:54894.

(11) STEAP2 (HGNC_8639, IPCA-1, PCANAP1, STAMP1, STEAP2, STMP, prostate cancer associated gene 1, prostate cancer associated protein 1, six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 2, six transmembrane prostate protein)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AF455138

Genbank version no. AF455138.1 GI:22655487 (SEQ ID NO: 65)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 01:54 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAN04080

Genbank version no. AAN04080.1 GI:22655488 (SEQ ID NO: 66)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 01:54 AM

Cross References

Lab. Invest. 82 (11):1573-1582 (2002)); WO2003/087306; US2003/064397 (Claim 1; FIG. 1); WO2002/72596 (Claim 13; Page 54-55); WO2001/72962 (Claim 1; FIG. 4B); 35 WO2003/104270 (Claim 11); WO2003/104270 (Claim 16); US2004/005598 (Claim 22); WO2003/042661 (Claim 12); US2003/060612 (Claim 12; FIG. 10); WO2002/26822 (Claim 23; FIG. 2); WO2002/16429 (Claim 12; FIG. 10); GI:22655488.

(12) TrpM4 (BR22450, FLJ20041, TRPM4, TRPM4B, transient receptor potential cation 5 channel, subfamily M, member 4)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_017636

Genbank version no. NM_017636.3 GI:304766649 (SEQ ID NO: 67)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 29, 2012 11:27 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_060106

Genbank version no. NP_060106.2 GI:21314671 (SEQ ID NO: 68)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 29, 2012 11:27 AM

Cross References

Xu, X. Z., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (19):10692-10697 (2001), Cell 109 (3):397-407 (2002), J. Biol. Chem. 278 (33):30813-30820 (2003)); US2003/143557 (Claim 4); WO2000/40614 (Claim 14; Page 100-103); WO2002/10382 (Claim 1; FIG. 9A); WO2003/042661 (Claim 12); WO2002/30268 (Claim 27; Page 391); US2003/219806 (Claim 4); WO2001/62794 (Claim 10 14; FIGS. 1A-D); MIM:606936.

(13) CRIPTO (CR, CR1, CRGF, CRIPTO, TDGF1, teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_003212

Genbank version no. NM_003212.3 GI:292494881 (SEQ ID NO: 69)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:27 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_003203

Genbank version no. NP_003203.1 GI:4507425 (SEQ ID NO: 70)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:27 PM

Cross References

Ciccodicola, A., et al EMBO J. 8 (7):1987-1991 (1989), Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49 (3):555-565 (1991)); US2003/224411 (Claim 1); WO2003/083041 (Example 1); WO2003/034984 (Claim 12); WO2002/88170 (Claim 2; Page 52-53); WO2003/024392 (Claim 2; FIG. 58); WO2002/16413 (Claim 1; Page 94-95, 105); WO2002/22808 (Claim 2; FIG. 1); U.S. Pat. No. 5,854,399 (Example 2; Col 17-18); U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,616 (FIG. 2); MIM:187395.

(14) CD21 (CR2 (Complement receptor 2) or C3DR (C3d/Epstein Barr virus receptor) or Hs. 73792)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no M26004

Genbank version no. M26004.1 GI:181939 (SEQ ID NO: 71)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA35786

Genbank version no. AAA35786.1 GI:181940 (SEQ ID NO: 72)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Cross References

Fujisaku et al (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264 (4):2118-2125); Weis J. J., et al J. Exp. Med. 167, 1047-1066, 1988; Moore M., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 9194-9198, 1987; Barel M., et al Mol. Immunol. 35, 1025-1031, 1998; Weis J. J., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 5639-5643, 1986; Sinha S. K., et al (1993) J. Immunol. 150, 5311-5320; WO2004/045520 (Example 4); US2004/005538 (Example 1); WO2003/062401 (Claim 9); WO2004/045520 (Example 4); WO91/02536 (FIGS. 9.1-9.9); WO2004/020595 (Claim 1); Accession: P20023; Q13866; Q14212; EMBL; M26004; AAA35786.1.

(15) CD79b (CD79β, CD7913, IGb (immunoglobulin-associated beta), B29)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_000626

Genbank version no. NM_000626.2 GI:90193589 (SEQ ID NO: 73)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 26, 2012 01:53 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_000617

Genbank version no. NP_000617.1 GI:11038674 (SEQ ID NO: 74)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 26, 2012 01:53 PM

Cross References

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2003) 100 (7):4126-4131, Blood (2002) 100 (9):3068-3076, Muller et al (1992) Eur. J. Immunol. 22 (6):1621-1625); WO2004/016225 (claim 2, FIG. 140); WO2003/087768, US2004/101874 (claim 1, page 102); WO2003/062401 (claim 9); WO2002/78524 (Example 2); US2002/150573 (claim 35 5, page 15); U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,033; WO2003/048202 (claim 1, pages 306 and 309); WO 99/58658, U.S. Pat. No. 6,534,482 (claim 13, FIG. 17A/B); WO2000/55351 (claim 11, pages 1145-1146); MIM:147245

(16) FcRH2 (IFGP4, IRTA4, SPAP1A (SH2 domain containing phosphatase anchor protein 5 1a), SPAP1B, SPAP1C)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_030764

Genbank version no. NM_030764.3 GI:227430280 (SEQ ID NO: 75)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 30, 2012 12:30 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_110391

Genbank version no. NP_110391.2 GI:19923629 (SEQ ID NO: 76)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 30, 2012 12:30 AM

Cross References

AY358130); Genome Res. 13 (10):2265-2270 (2003), Immunogenetics 54 (2):87-95 (2002), Blood 99 (8):2662-2669 (2002), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (17):9772-9777 (2001), Xu, M. J., et al (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 280 (3):768-775; WO2004/016225 (Claim 2); WO2003/077836; WO2001/38490 (Claim 5; FIG. 18D-1-18D-2); WO2003/097803 (Claim 12);

10 WO2003/089624 (Claim 25);: MIM:606509.

(17) HER2 (ErbB2)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no M11730

Genbank version no. M11730.1 GI:183986 (SEQ ID NO: 77)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA75493

Genbank version no. AAA75493.1 GI:306840 (SEQ ID NO: 78)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Cross References

Coussens L., et al Science (1985) 230(4730): 1132-1139); Yamamoto T., et al Nature 319, 230-234, 1986; Semba K., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 6497-6501, 1985; Swiercz J. M., et al J. Cell Biol. 165, 869-15 880, 2004; Kuhns J. J., et al J. Biol. Chem. 274, 36422-36427, 1999; Cho H.-S., et al Nature 421, 756-760, 2003; Ehsani A., et al (1993) Genomics 15, 426-429; WO2004/048938 (Example 2); WO2004/027049 (FIG. 11); WO2004/009622; WO2003/081210;

WO2003/089904 (Claim 9); WO2003/016475 (Claim 1); US2003/118592; WO2003/008537 (Claim 1); WO2003/055439 (Claim 29; FIG. 1A-B); WO2003/025228 (Claim 37; FIG. 5C); 20 WO2002/22636 (Example 13; Page 95-107); WO2002/12341 (Claim 68; FIG. 7); WO2002/13847 (Page 71-74); WO2002/14503 (Page 114-117); WO2001/53463 (Claim 2; Page 41-46); WO2001/41787 (Page 15); WO2000/44899 (Claim 52; FIG. 7); WO2000/20579 (Claim 3; FIG. 2); U.S. Pat. No. 5,869,445 (Claim 3; Col 31-38); WO9630514 (Claim 2; Page 56-61); EP1439393 (Claim 7); WO2004/043361 (Claim 7); WO2004/022709; WO2001/00244 25 (Example 3; FIG. 4); Accession: P04626; EMBL; M11767; AAA35808.1. EMBL; M11761; AAA35808.1

Antibodies

Abbott: US20110177095

-   -   For example, an antibody comprising CDRs having overall at least         80% sequence identity to CDRs having amino acid sequences of SEQ         ID NO:3 (CDR-H1), SEQ ID NO:4 (CDR-H2), SEQ ID NO:5 (CDR-H3),         SEQ ID NO:104 and/or SEQ ID NO:6 (CDR-L1), SEQ ID NO:7 (CDR-L2),         and SEQ ID NO:8 (CDR-L3), wherein the anti-HER2 antibody or         anti-HER2 binding fragment has reduced immunogenicity as         compared to an antibody having a VH of SEQ ID NO:1 and a VL of         SEQ ID NO:2.

Biogen: US20100119511

-   -   For example, ATCC accession numbers: PTA-10355, PTA-10356,         PTA-10357, PTA-10358     -   For example, a purified antibody molecule that binds to HER2         comprising a all six CDR's from an antibody selected from the         group consisting of BIIB71F10 (SEQ ID NOs:11, 13), BIIB69A09         (SEQ ID NOs:15, 17); BIIB67F10 (SEQ ID NOs:19, 21); BIIB67F11         (SEQ ID NOs:23, 25), BIIB66A12 (SEQ ID NOs:27, 29), BIIB66C01         (SEQ ID NOs:31, 33), BIIB65C10 (SEQ ID NOs:35, 37), BIIB65H09         (SEQ ID NOs:39, 41) and BIIB65B03 (SEQ ID NOs:43, 45), or CDRs         which are identical or which have no more than two alterations         from said CDRs.

Herceptin (Genentech)—U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,297; ATCC accession no. CRL-10463 (Genentech)

Pertuzumab (Genentech)

-   -   US20110117097         -   for example, see SEQ IDs No. 15&16, SEQ IDs No. 17&18, SEQ             IDs No. 23&24 & ATCC accession numbers HB-12215, HB-12216,             CRL 10463, HB-12697.     -   US20090285837     -   US20090202546         -   for example, ATCC accession numbers: HB-12215, HB-12216, CRL             10463, HB-12698.     -   US20060088523         -   for example, ATCC accession numbers: HB-12215, HB-12216         -   for example, an antibody comprising the variable light and             variable heavy amino acid sequences in SEQ ID Nos. 3 and 4,             respectively.         -   for example, an antibody comprising a light chain amino acid             sequence selected from SEQ ID No. 15 and 23, and a heavy             chain amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID No. 16 and 24     -   US20060018899         -   for example, ATCC accession numbers: (7C2) HB-12215, (7F3)             HB-12216, (4D5) CRL-10463, (2C4) HB-12697.         -   for example, an antibody comprising the amino acid sequence             in SEQ ID No. 23, or a deamidated and/or oxidized variant             thereof.     -   US2011/0159014         -   for example, an antibody having a light chain variable             domain comprising the hypervariable regions of SEQ ID NO:             1″.         -   For example, an antibody having a heavy chain variable             domain comprising the hypervariable regions of SEQ ID NO: 2.     -   US20090187007

Glycotope: TrasGEX antibody http://www.glycotope.com/pipeline

-   -   For example, see International Joint Cancer Institute and         Changhai Hospital Cancer Cent: HMTI-Fc Ab—Gao J., et al BMB Rep.         2009 Oct. 31; 42(10):636-41.

Symphogen: US20110217305

Union Stem Cell &Gene Engineering, China—Liu H Q., et al Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian YiXue Za Zhi. 2010 May; 26(5):456-8.

(18) NCA (CEACAM6)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no M18728

Genbank version no. M18728.1 GI:189084 (SEQ ID NO: 79)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:48 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA59907

Genbank version no. AAA59907.1 GI:189085 (SEQ ID NO: 80)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:48 AM

Cross References

Barnett T., et al Genomics 3, 59-66, 1988; Tawaragi Y., et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 150, 89-96, 1988; Strausberg R. L., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:16899-16903, 2002; WO2004/063709; EP1439393 (Claim 7); WO2004/044178 (Example 4); WO2004/031238; WO2003/042661 (Claim 12); WO2002/78524 (Example 2); WO2002/86443 (Claim 27; Page 427); WO2002/60317 (Claim 2); Accession: P40199; Q14920; EMBL; M29541; AAA59915.1.

EMBL; M18728.

(19) MDP (DPEP1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no BC017023

Genbank version no. BC017023.1 GI:16877538 (SEQ ID NO: 81)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 6, 2012 01:00 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAH17023

Genbank version no. AAH17023.1 GI:16877539 (SEQ ID NO: 82)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 6, 2012 01:00 PM

Cross References

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26):16899-16903 (2002)); WO2003/016475 (Claim 1); WO2002/64798 (Claim 33; Page 85-87); JP05003790 (FIG. 6-8); WO99/46284 (FIG. 9); MIM:179780.

(20) IL20R-alpha (IL2ORa, ZCYTOR7)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no AF184971

Genbank version no. AF184971.1 GI:6013324 (SEQ ID NO: 83)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 10:00 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAF01320

Genbank version no. AAF01320.1 GI:6013325 (SEQ ID NO: 84)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 10:00 PM

Cross References

Clark H. F., et al Genome Res. 13, 2265-2270, 2003; Mungall A. J., et al Nature 425, 805-811, 2003; Blumberg H., et al Cell 104, 9-19, 2001; Dumoutier L., et al J. Immunol. 167, 3545-3549, 2001; Parrish-Novak J., et al J. Biol. Chem. 277, 47517-47523, 2002; Pletnev S., et al (2003) 10 Biochemistry 42:12617-12624; Sheikh F., et al (2004) J. Immunol. 172, 2006-2010; EP1394274 (Example 11); US2004/005320 (Example 5); WO2003/029262 (Page 74-75); WO2003/002717 (Claim 2; Page 63); WO2002/22153 (Page 45-47); US2002/042366 (Page 20-21); WO2001/46261 (Page 57-59); WO2001/46232 (Page 63-65); WO98/37193 (Claim 1; Page 55-59); Accession: Q9UHF4; Q6UWA9; Q96SH8; EMBL; AF184971; AAF01320.1.

(21) Brevican (BCAN, BEHAB)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no AF229053

Genbank version no. AF229053.1 GI:10798902 (SEQ ID NO: 85)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 12:58 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAG23135

Genbank version no. AAG23135.1 GI:10798903 (SEQ ID NO: 86)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 12:58 AM

Cross References

Gary S. C., et al Gene 256, 139-147, 2000; Clark H. F., et al Genome Res. 13, 2265-2270, 2003; Strausberg R. L., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 16899-16903, 2002; US2003/186372 (Claim 11); US2003/186373 (Claim 11); US2003/119131 (Claim 1; FIG. 52); US2003/119122 (Claim 1; 20 FIG. 52); US2003/119126 (Claim 1); US2003/119121 (Claim 1; FIG. 52); US2003/119129 (Claim 1); US2003/119130 (Claim 1); US2003/119128 (Claim 1; FIG. 52); US2003/119125 (Claim 1); WO2003/016475 (Claim 1); WO2002/02634 (Claim 1)

(22) EphB2R (DRT, ERK, Hek5, EPHT3, Tyro5)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_004442

Genbank version no. NM_004442.6 GI:111118979 (SEQ ID NO: 87)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 8, 2012 04:43 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_004433

Genbank version no. NP_004433.2 GI:21396504 (SEQ ID NO: 88)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 8, 2012 04:43 PM

Chan, J. and Watt, V. M., Oncogene 6 (6), 1057-1061 (1991) Oncogene 10 (5):897-905 (1995), Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21:309-345 (1998), Int. Rev. Cytol. 196:177-244 (2000)); WO2003042661 (Claim 12); WO200053216 (Claim 1; Page 41); WO2004065576 (Claim 1); WO2004020583 (Claim 9); WO2003004529 (Page 128-132); WO200053216 (Claim 1; Page 42); MIM:600997.

(23) ASLG659 (B7h)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AX092328

Genbank version no. AX092328.1 GI:13444478 (SEQ ID NO: 89)

Genbank record update date: Jan. 26, 2011 07:37 AM

Cross References

US2004/0101899 (Claim 2); WO2003104399 (Claim 11); WO2004000221 (FIG. 3); US2003/165504 (Claim 1); US2003/124140 (Example 2); US2003/065143 (FIG. 60); WO2002/102235 (Claim 13; Page 299); US2003/091580 (Example 2); WO2002/10187 (Claim 6; FIG. 10); WO2001/94641 (Claim 12; FIG. 7b); WO2002/02624 (Claim 13; FIG. 1A-1B); US2002/034749 (Claim 54; Page 45-46); WO2002/06317 (Example 2; Page 320-321, Claim 34; Page 321-322); WO2002/71928 (Page 468-469); WO2002/02587 (Example 1; FIG. 1); WO2001/40269 (Example 3; Pages 190-192); WO2000/36107 (Example 2; Page 205-207); WO2004/053079 (Claim 12); WO2003/004989 (Claim 1); WO2002/71928 (Page 233-234, 452-453); WO 01/16318.

(24) PSCA (Prostate stem cell antigen precursor)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no AJ297436

Genbank version no. AJ297436.1 GI:9367211 (SEQ ID NO: 90)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 1, 2011 11:25 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CAB97347

Genbank version no. CAB97347.1 GI:9367212 (SEQ ID NO: 91)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 1, 2011 11:25 AM

Reiter R. E., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 1735-1740, 1998; Gu Z., et al Oncogene 19, 1288-1296, 2000; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2000) 275(3):783-788; WO2004/022709; EP1394274 (Example 11); US2004/018553 (Claim 17); WO2003/008537 (Claim 1); WO2002/81646 (Claim 1; Page 164); WO2003/003906 (Claim 10; Page 288); WO2001/40309 (Example 1; FIG. 17); US2001/055751 (Example 1; FIG. 1 b); WO2000/32752 (Claim 18; FIG. 1); WO98/51805 (Claim 17; Page 97); WO98/51824 (Claim 10; Page 94); WO98/40403 (Claim 2; FIG. 1B); Accession: 043653; EMBL; AF043498; AAC39607.1

(25) GEDA

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no AY260763

Genbank version no. AY260763.1 GI:30102448 (SEQ ID NO: 92)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 02:24 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAP14954

Genbank version no. AAP14954.1 GI:30102449 (SEQ ID NO: 93)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 02:24 AM

Cross References

AP14954 lipoma HMGIC fusion-partnerlike protein/pid=AAP14954.1—Homo sapiens (human); WO2003/054152 (Claim 20); WO2003/000842 (Claim 1); WO2003/023013 (Example 3, Claim 20); US2003/194704 (Claim 45); GI:30102449;

(26) BAFF-R (B cell—activating factor receptor, BLyS receptor 3, BR3)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no AF116456

Genbank version no. AF116456.1 GI:4585274 (SEQ ID NO: 94)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 09:44 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAD25356

Genbank version no. AAD25356.1 GI:4585275 (SEQ ID NO: 95)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 09:44 PM

Cross References

BAFF receptor/pid=NP_443177.1—Homo sapiens: Thompson, J. S., et al Science 293 (5537), 2108-2111 (2001); WO2004/058309; WO2004/011611; WO2003/045422 (Example; Page 32-33); WO2003/014294 (Claim 35; FIG. 6B); WO2003/035846 (Claim 70; Page 615-616); WO2002/94852 (Col 136-137); WO2002/38766 25 (Claim 3; Page 133); WO2002/24909 (Example 3; FIG. 3); MIM:606269; NP_443177.1; NM_052945_1; AF132600

(27) CD22 (B-cell receptor CD22-B isoform, BL-CAM, Lyb-8, Lyb8, SIGLEC-2, FLJ22814)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no AK026467

Genbank version no. AK026467.1 GI:10439337 (SEQ ID NO: 96)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 11, 2006 11:24 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. BAB15489

Genbank version no. BAB15489.1 GI:10439338 (SEQ ID NO: 97)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 11, 2006 11:24 PM

Cross References

Wilson et al (1991) J. Exp. Med. 173:137-146; 30 WO2003/072036 (Claim 1; FIG. 1); IM:107266; NP_001762.1; NM_001771_1.

(27a) CD22 (CD22 molecule)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no X52785

Genbank version no. X52785.1 GI:29778 (SEQ ID NO: 98)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:09 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CAA36988

Genbank version no. CAA36988.1 GI:29779 (SEQ ID NO: 99)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:09 AM

Cross References

Stamenkovic I. et al., Nature 345 (6270), 74-77 (1990)??

Other Information

Official Symbol: CD22

Other Aliases: SIGLEC-2, SIGLEC2

Other Designations: B-cell receptor CD22; B-lymphocyte cell adhesion molecule; BL-CAM; CD22 antigen; T-cell surface antigen Leu-14; sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 2; sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin 2

Antibodies

G5/44 (Inotuzumab): DiJoseph J F., et al Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005 January; 54(1):11-24.

Epratuzumab-Goldenberg D M., et al Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 6(10): 1341-53, 2006.

(28) CD79a (CD79A, CD79alpha), immunoglobulin-associated alpha, a B cell-specific protein that covalently interacts with Ig beta (CD79B) and forms a complex on the surface with Ig M 35 molecules, transduces a signal involved in B-cell differentiation), pl: 4.84, MW: 25028 TM: 2

[P] Gene Chromosome: 19q13.2).

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_001783

Genbank version no. NM_001783.3 GI:90193587 (SEQ ID NO: 100)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 26, 2012 01:48 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_001774

Genbank version no. NP_001774.1 GI:4502685 (SEQ ID NO: 101)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 26, 2012 01:48 PM

Cross References

WO2003/088808, US2003/0228319; WO2003/062401 (claim 9); US2002/150573 (claim 4, pages 13-14); WO99/58658 (claim 13, FIG. 16); WO92/07574 (FIG. 1); U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,033; Ha et al (1992) J. Immunol. 148(5):1526-1531; Müller et al (1992) Eur. J. Immunol. 22:1621-1625; Hashimoto et al (1994) Immunogenetics 40(4):287-295; Preud'homme et al (1992) Clin. Exp. 5 Immunol. 90(1):141-146; Yu et al (1992) J. Immunol. 148(2) 633-637; Sakaguchi et al (1988) EMBO J. 7(11):3457-3464

(29) CXCR5 (Burkitt's lymphoma receptor 1, a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by the CXCL13 chemokine, functions in lymphocyte migration and humoral defense, plays a 10 role in HIV-2 infection and perhaps development of AIDS, lymphoma, myeloma, and leukemia); 372 aa, pl: 8.54 MW: 41959 TM: 7 [P] Gene Chromosome: 11q23.3,

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_001716

Genbank version no. NM_001716.4 GI:342307092 (SEQ ID NO: 102)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:49 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_001707

Genbank version no. NP_001707.1 GI:4502415 (SEQ ID NO: 103)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:49 PM

Cross References

WO2004/040000; WO2004/015426; US2003/105292 (Example 2); U.S. Pat. No. 6,555,339 (Example 2); WO2002/61087 (FIG. 1); WO2001/57188 (Claim 20, page 269); WO2001/72830 (pages 12-13); WO2000/22129 (Example 1, pages 152-153, 15 Example 2, pages 254-256); WO99/28468 (claim 1, page 38); U.S. Pat. No. 5,440,021 (Example 2, col 49-52); WO94/28931 (pages 56-58); WO92/17497 (claim 7, FIG. 5); Dobner et al (1992) Eur. J. Immunol. 22:2795-2799; Barella et al (1995) Biochem. J. 309:773-779

(30) HLA-DOB (Beta subunit of MHC class II molecule (la antigen) that binds peptides and 20 presents them to CD4+ T lymphocytes); 273 aa, pl: 6.56, MW: 30820. TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 6p21.3)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_002120

Genbank version no. NM_002120.3 GI:118402587 (SEQ ID NO: 104)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 8, 2012 04:46 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_002111

Genbank version no. NP_002111.1 GI:4504403 (SEQ ID NO: 105)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 8, 2012 04:46 PM

Cross References

Tonnelle et al (1985) EMBO J. 4(11):2839-2847; Jonsson et al (1989) Immunogenetics 29(6):411-413; Beck et al (1992) J. Mol. Biol. 228:433-441; Strausberg et al (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 99:16899-16903; Servenius et al (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262:8759-8766; Beck et al (1996) J. Mol. Biol. 25 255:1-13; Naruse et al (2002) Tissue Antigens 59:512-519; WO99/58658 (claim 13, FIG. 15); U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,408 (Col 35-38); U.S. Pat. No. 5,976,551 (col 168-170); U.S. Pat. No. 6,011,146 (col 145-146); Kasahara et al (1989) Immunogenetics 30(1):66-68; Larhammar et al (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260(26):14111-14119

(31) P2X5 (Purinergic receptor P2X ligand-gated ion channel 5, an ion channel gated by extracellular ATP, may be involved in synaptic transmission and neurogenesis, deficiency may contribute to the pathophysiology of idiopathic detrusor instability); 422 aa), pl: 7.63, MW: 47206 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 17p13.3).

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_002561

Genbank version no. NM_002561.3 GI:325197202 (SEQ ID NO: 106)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 27, 2012 12:41 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_002552

Genbank version no. NP_002552.2 GI:28416933 (SEQ ID NO: 107)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 27, 2012 12:41 AM

Cross References

Le et al (1997) FEBS Lett. 418(1-2):195-199; WO2004/047749; WO2003/072035 (claim 10); Touchman et al (2000) Genome Res. 10:165-173; WO2002/22660 (claim 20); WO2003/093444 (claim 1); WO2003/087768 (claim 1); WO2003/029277 (page 82)

(32) CD72 (B-cell differentiation antigen CD72, Lyb-2); 359 aa, pl: 8.66, MW: 40225, TM: 1 5 [P] Gene Chromosome: 9p13.3).

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_001782

Genbank version no. NM_001782.2 GI:194018444 (SEQ ID NO: 108)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 26, 2012 01:43 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_001773

Genbank version no. NP_001773.1 GI:4502683 (SEQ ID NO: 109)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 26, 2012 01:43 PM

Cross References

WO2004042346 (claim 65); WO2003/026493 (pages 51-52, 57-58); WO2000/75655 (pages 105-106); Von Hoegen et al (1990) J. Immunol. 144(12):4870-4877; Strausberg et al (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 99:16899-16903.

(33) LY64 (Lymphocyte antigen 64 (RP105), type I membrane protein of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) family, regulates B-cell activation and apoptosis, loss of function is associated with increased disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis); 661 aa, pl: 6.20, MW: 74147 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 5q12).

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_005582

Genbank version no. NM_005582.2 GI:167555126 (SEQ ID NO: 110)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 2, 2012 01:50 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_005573

Genbank version no. NP_005573.2 GI:167555127 (SEQ ID NO: 111)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 2, 2012 01:50 PM

Cross References

US2002/193567; WO97/07198 (claim 11, pages 39-42); Miura et al (1996) 15 Genomics 38(3):299-304; Miura et al (1998) Blood 92:2815-2822; WO2003/083047; WO97/44452 (claim 8, pages 57-61); WO2000/12130 (pages 24-26).

(34) FcRH1 (Fc receptor-like protein 1, a putative receptor for the immunoglobulin Fc domain that contains C2 type Ig-like and ITAM domains, may have a role in B-lymphocyte 20 differentiation); 429 aa, pl: 5.28, MW: 46925 TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 1q21-1q22)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_052938

Genbank version no. NM_052938.4 GI:226958543 (SEQ ID NO: 112)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 2, 2012 01:43 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_443170

Genbank version no. NP_443170.1 GI:16418419 (SEQ ID NO: 113)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 2, 2012 01:43 PM

Cross References

WO2003/077836; WO2001/38490 (claim 6, FIG. 18E-1-18-E-2); Davis et al (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 98(17):9772-9777; WO2003/089624 (claim 8); EP1347046 (claim 1); WO2003/089624 (claim 7).

(35) IRTA2 (Immunoglobulin superfamily receptor translocation associated 2, a putative immunoreceptor with possible roles in B cell development and lymphomagenesis; deregulation of the gene by translocation occurs in some B cell malignancies); 977 aa, pl: 6.88, MW: 106468, TM: 1 [P] Gene Chromosome: 1q21)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no AF343662

Genbank version no. AF343662.1 GI:13591709 (SEQ ID NO: 114)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 01:16 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAK31325

Genbank version no. AAK31325.1 GI:13591710 (SEQ ID NO: 115)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 01:16 AM

Cross References

AF343663, AF343664, AF343665, AF369794, AF397453, AK090423, AK090475, AL834187, AY358085; Mouse:AK089756, AY158090, AY506558; NP_112571.1; WO2003/024392 (claim 2, FIG. 97); Nakayama et al (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 277(1):124-127; WO2003/077836; WO2001/38490 (claim 3, FIG. 18B-1-18B-2).

(36) TENB2 (TMEFF2, tomoregulin, TPEF, HPP1, TR, putative transmembrane 35 proteoglycan, related to the EGF/heregulin family of growth factors and follistatin); 374 aa)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no AF179274

Genbank version no. AF179274.2 GI:12280939 (SEQ ID NO: 116)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 01:05 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAD55776

Genbank version no. AAD55776.2 GI:12280940 (SEQ ID NO: 117)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 11, 2010 01:05 AM

Cross References

NCBI Accession: AAD55776, AAF91397, AAG49451, NCBI RefSeq: NP_057276; NCBI Gene: 23671; OMIM: 605734; SwissProt Q9UIK5; AY358907, CAF85723, CQ782436; WO2004/074320; JP2004113151; WO2003/042661; WO2003/009814; EP1295944 (pages 69-70); WO2002/30268 (page 329); WO2001/90304; US2004/249130; US2004/022727; WO2004/063355; US2004/197325; US2003/232350; 5 US2004/005563; US2003/124579; Horie et al (2000) Genomics 67:146-152; Uchida et al (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 266:593-602; Liang et al (2000) Cancer Res. 60:4907-12; Glynne-Jones et al (2001) Int J Cancer. October 15; 94(2):178-84.

(37) PSMA-FOLH1 (Folate hydrolase (prostate-specific membrane antigen) 1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no M99487

Genbank version no. M99487.1 GI:190663 (SEQ ID NO: 118)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:48 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA60209

Genbank version no. AAA60209.1 GI:190664 (SEQ ID NO: 119)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:48 AM

Cross References

Israeli R. S., et al Cancer Res. 53 (2), 227-230 (1993)

Other Information

Official Symbol: FOLH1

Other Aliases: GIG27, FGCP, FOLH, GCP2, GCPII, NAALAD1, NAALAdase, PSM, PSMA, mGCP

Other Designations: N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase 1; N-acetylated-alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase I; NAALADase I; cell growth-inhibiting gene 27 protein; folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase; glutamate carboxylase II; glutamate carboxypeptidase 2; glutamate carboxypeptidase II; membrane glutamate carboxypeptidase; prostate specific membrane antigen variant F; pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase

Antibodies

U.S. Pat. No. 7,666,425:

Antibodies produces by Hybridomas having the following ATCC references:ATCC accession No. HB-12101, ATCC accession No. HB-12109, ATCC accession No. HB-12127 and ATCC accession No. HB-12126.

Proscan: a monoclonal antibody selected from the group consisting of 8H12, 3E11, 17G1, 29B4, 30C1 and 20F2 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,811,564; Moffett S., et al Hybridoma (Larchmt). 2007 December; 26(6):363-72).

Cytogen: monoclonal antibodies 7E11-C5 (ATCC accession No. HB 10494) and 9H10-A4 (ATCC accession No. HB11430)—U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,202

GlycoMimetics: NUH2—ATCC accession No. HB 9762 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,135,301)

Human Genome Science: HPRAJ70—ATCC accession No. 97131 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,824,993); Amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA clone (HPRAJ70) deposited as American Type Culture Collection (“ATCC”) Deposit No. 97131

Medarex: Anti-PSMA antibodies that lack fucosyl residues—U.S. Pat. No. 7,875,278

Mouse anti-PSMA antibodies include the 3F5.4G6, 3D7.1.1, 4E10-1.14, 3E11, 4D8, 3E6, 3C9, 2C7, 1G3, 3C4, 3C6, 4D4, 1G9, 5C8B9, 3G6, 4C8B9, and monoclonal antibodies. Hybridomas secreting 3F5.4G6, 3D7.1.1, 4E10-1.14, 3E11, 4D8, 3E6, 3C9, 2C7, 1G3, 3C4, 3C6, 4D4, 1G9, 5C8B9, 3G6 or 4C8B9 have been publicly deposited and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,159,508. Relevant hybridomas have been publicly deposited and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,090. Moreover, humanized anti-PSMA antibodies, including a humanized version of J591, are described in further detail in PCT Publication WO 02/098897.

Other mouse anti-human PSMA antibodies have been described in the art, such as mAb 107-1A4 (Wang, S. et al. (2001) Int. J. Cancer 92:871-876) and mAb 2C9 (Kato, K. et al. (2003) Int. J. Urol. 10:439-444).

Examples of human anti-PSMA monoclonal antibodies include the 4A3, 7F12, 8C12, 8A11, 16F9, 2A10, 2C6, 2F5 and 1C3 antibodies, isolated and structurally characterized as originally described in PCT Publications WO 01/09192 and WO 03/064606 and in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/654,125, entitled “Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)”, filed on Feb. 18, 2005. The V.sub.H amino acid sequences of 4A3, 7F12, 8C12, 8A11, 16F9, 2A10, 2C6, 2F5 and 1C3 are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, respectively. The V.sub.L amino acid sequences of 4A3, 7F12, 8C12, 8A11, 16F9, 2A10, 2C6, 2F5 and 1C3 are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 10-18, respectively.

Other human anti-PSMA antibodies include the antibodies disclosed in PCT Publication WO 03/034903 and US Application No. 2004/0033229.

NW Biotherapeutics: A hybridoma cell line selected from the group consisting of 3F5.4G6 having ATCC accession number HB12060, 3D7-1.I. having ATCC accession number HB12309, 4E10-1.14 having ATCC accession number HB12310, 3E11 (ATCC HB12488), 4D8 (ATCC HB12487), 3E6 (ATCC HB12486), 3C9 (ATCC HB12484), 2C7 (ATCC HB12490), 1G3 (ATCC HB12489), 3C4 (ATCC HB12494), 3C6 (ATCC HB12491), 4D4 (ATCC HB12493), 1G9 (ATCC HB12495), 5C8B9 (ATCC HB12492) and 3G6 (ATCC HB12485)—see U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,508

PSMA Development Company/Progenics/Cytogen—Seattle Genetics: mAb 3.9, produced by the hybridoma deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-3258 or mAb 10.3, produced by the hybridoma deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-3347—U.S. Pat. No. 7,850,971

PSMA Development Company—Compositions of PSMA antibodies (US 20080286284, Table 1)

-   -   This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser.         No. 10/395,894, filed on Mar. 21, 2003 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,850,971)

University Hospital Freiburg, Germany—mAbs 3/A12, 3/E7, and 3/F11 (Wolf P., et al Prostate. 2010 Apr. 1; 70(5):562-9).

(38) SST (Somatostatin Receptor; note that there are 5 subtypes)

(38.1) SSTR2 (Somatostatin receptor 2)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_001050

Genbank version no. NM_001050.2 GI:44890054 (SEQ ID NO: 120)

Genbank record update date: Aug. 19, 2012 01:37 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_001041

Genbank version no. NP_001041.1 GI:4557859 (SEQ ID NO: 121)

Genbank record update date: Aug. 19, 2012 01:37 PM

Cross References

Yamada Y., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (1), 251-255 (1992); Susini C., et al Ann Oncol. 2006 December; 17(12):1733-42

Other Information

Official Symbol: SSTR2

Other Designations: SRIF-1; SS2R; somatostatin receptor type 2

(38.2) SSTR5 (Somatostatin receptor 5)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no D16827

Genbank version no. D16827.1 GI:487683 (SEQ ID NO: 122)

Genbank record update date: Aug. 1, 2006 12:45 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. BAA04107

Genbank version no. BAA04107.1 GI:487684 (SEQ ID NO: 123)

Genbank record update date: Aug. 1, 2006 12:45 PM

Yamada, Y., et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195 (2), 844-852 (1993)

Other Information

Official Symbol: SSTR5

Other Aliases: SS-5-R

Other Designations: Somatostatin receptor subtype 5; somatostatin receptor type 5

(38.3) SSTR1

(38.4)SSTR3

(38.5) SSTR4

AvB6—Both subunits (39+40)

(39) ITGAV (Integrin, alpha V;

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no M14648 J02826 M18365

Genbank version no. M14648.1 GI:340306 (SEQ ID NO: 124)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:56 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA36808

Genbank version no. AAA36808.1 GI:340307 (SEQ ID NO: 125)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:56 AM

Cross References

Suzuki S., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83 (22), 8614-8618 (1986)

Other Information

Official Symbol: ITGAV

Other Aliases: CD51, MSK8, VNRA, VTNR

Other Designations: antigen identified by monoclonal antibody L230; integrin alpha-V; integrin alphaVbeta3; integrin, alpha V (vitronectin receptor, alpha polypeptide, antigen CD51); vitronectin receptor subunit alpha

(40) ITGB6 (Integrin, beta 6)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no NM_000888

Genbank version no. NM_000888.3 GI:9966771 (SEQ ID NO: 126)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 27, 2012 12:46 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_000879

Genbank version no. NP_000879.2 GI:9625002 (SEQ ID NO: 127)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 27, 2012 12:46 AM

Cross References

Sheppard D. J., et al Biol. Chem. 265 (20), 11502-11507 (1990)

Other Information

Official Symbol: ITGB6

Other Designations: integrin beta-6

Antibodies

Biogen: U.S. Pat. No. 7,943,742—Hybridoma clones 6.3G9 and 6.8G6 were deposited with the ATCC, accession numbers ATCC PTA-3649 and -3645, respectively.

Biogen: U.S. Pat. No. 7,465,449—In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the same heavy and light chain polypeptide sequences as an antibody produced by hybridoma 6.1A8, 6.3G9, 6.8G6, 6.2B1, 6.2B10, 6.2A1, 6.2E5, 7.1G 10, 7.7G5, or 7.1C5.

Centocor (J&J): U.S. Pat. No. 7,550,142; U.S. Pat. No. 7,163,681

-   -   For example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,550,142—an antibody having human         heavy chain and human light chain variable regions comprising         the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8.

Seattle Genetics: 15H3 (Ryan M C., et al Cancer Res Apr. 15, 2012; 72(8 Supplement): 4630)

(41) CEACAM5 (Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no M17303

Genbank version no. M17303.1 GI:178676 (SEQ ID NO: 128)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAB59513

Genbank version no. AAB59513.1 GI:178677 (SEQ ID NO: 129)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Cross References

Beauchemin N., et al Mol. Cell. Biol. 7 (9), 3221-3230 (1987)

Other Information

Official Symbol: CEACAM5

Other Aliases: CD66e, CEA

Other Designations: meconium antigen 100

Antibodies

AstraZeneca-MedImmune:US 20100330103; US20080057063;

-   -   US20020142359         -   for example an antibody having complementarity determining             regions (CDRs) with the following sequences: heavy chain;             CDR1—DNYMH (SEQ ID NO: 216), CDR2—WIDPENGDTE YAPKFRG (SEQ ID             NO: 217), CDR3—LIYAGYLAMD Y (SEQ ID NO: 218); and light             chain CDR1—SASSSVTYMH (SEQ ID NO: 219), CDR2—STSNLAS (SEQ ID             NO: 220), CDR3—QQRSTYPLT (SEQ ID NO: 221).         -   Hybridoma 806.077 deposited as European Collection of Cell             Cultures (ECACC) deposit no. 96022936.

Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. U.S. Pat. No. 5,047,507

Bayer Corporation: U.S. Pat. No. 6,013,772

BioAlliance: U.S. Pat. No. 7,982,017; U.S. Pat. No. 7,674,605

-   -   U.S. Pat. No. 7,674,605         -   an antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region             sequence from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, and             the light chain variable region sequence from the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.         -   an antibody comprising the heavy chain variable region             sequence from the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, and             the light chain variable region sequence from the amino acid             sequence of SEQ ID NO:6.

Celltech Therapeutics Limited: U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,293

The Dow Chemical Company: U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,693; U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,337; U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,405

-   -   U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,693—for example, ATCC No. CRL-11215     -   U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,337—for example, ATCC CRL-12208     -   U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,405—for example, ATCC CRL-12208

Immunomedics, Inc: U.S. Pat. No. 7,534,431; U.S. Pat. No. 7,230,084; U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,644; U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,300;

-   -   US20110189085         -   an antibody having CDRs of the light chain variable region             comprise: CDR1 comprises KASQDVGTSVA (SEQ ID NO: 20) (SEQ ID             NO: 222); CDR2 comprises WTSTRHT (SEQ ID NO: 21) (SEQ ID NO:             223); and CDR3 comprises QQYSLYRS (SEQ ID NO: 22) (SEQ ID             NO: 224); and the CDRs of the heavy chain variable region of             said anti-CEA antibody comprise: CDR1 comprises TYWMS (SEQ             ID NO: 23) (SEQ ID NO: 225); CDR2 comprises             EIHPDSSTINYAPSLKD (SEQ ID NO: 24) (SEQ ID NO: 226) and CDR3             comprises LYFGFPWFAY (SEQ ID NO: 25) (SEQ ID NO: 227).     -   US20100221175; US20090092598; US20070202044; US20110064653;         US20090185974; US20080069775.

(42) MET (met proto-oncogene; hepatocyte growth factor receptor)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no M35073

Genbank version no. M35073.1 GI:187553 (SEQ ID NO: 130)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 6, 2012 11:12 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA59589

Genbank version no. AAA59589.1 GI:553531 (SEQ ID NO: 131)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 6, 2012 11:12 AM

Cross References

Dean M., et al Nature 318 (6044), 385-388 (1985)

Other Information

Official Symbol: MET

Other Aliases: AUTS9, HGFR, RCCP2, c-Met

Other Designations: HGF receptor; HGF/SF receptor; SF receptor; hepatocyte growth factor receptor; met proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase; proto-oncogene c-Met; scatter factor receptor; tyrosine-protein kinase Met

Antibodies

Abgenix/Pfizer: US20100040629

-   -   for example, the antibody produced by hybridoma 13.3.2 having         American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) accession number         PTA-5026; the antibody produced by hybridoma 9.1.2 having ATCC         accession number PTA-5027; the antibody produced by hybridoma         8.70.2 having ATCC accession number PTA-5028; or the antibody         produced by hybridoma 6.90.3 having ATCC accession number         PTA-5029.

Amgen/Pfizer: US20050054019

-   -   for example, an antibody comprising a heavy chain having the         amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 where X2 is         glutamate and X4 is serine and a light chain having the amino         acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 where X8 is alanine,         without the signal sequences; an antibody comprising a heavy         chain having the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6         and a light chain having the amino acid sequence set forth in         SEQ ID NO: 8, without the signal sequences; an antibody         comprising a heavy chain having the amino acid sequences set         forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 and a light chain having the amino acid         sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, without the signal         sequences; or an antibody comprising a heavy chain having the         amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO: 14 and a light         chain having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16,         without the signal sequences.

Agouron Pharmaceuticals (Now Pfizer): US20060035907

Eli Lilly: US20100129369

Genentech: U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,292; US20100028337; US20100016241; US20070129301; US 20070098707; US20070092520, US20060270594; US20060134104; US20060035278; US 20050233960; US20050037431

-   -   U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,292—for example, ATCC HB-11894 and ATCC         HB-11895     -   US 20100016241—for example, ATCC HB-11894 (hybridoma 1A3.3.13)         or HB-11895 (hybridoma 5D5.11.6)

National Defense Medical Center, Taiwan: Lu R M., et al Biomaterials. 2011 April; 32(12):3265-74.

Novartis: US20090175860

-   -   for example, an antibody comprising the sequences of CDR1, CDR2         and CDR3 of heavy chain 4687, wherein the sequences of CDR1,         CDR2, and CDR3 of heavy chain 4687 are residues 26-35, 50-65,         and 98-102, respectively, of SEQ ID NO: 58; and the sequences of         CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of light chain 5097, wherein the sequences         of CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of light chain 5097 are residues 24-39,         55-61, and 94-100 of SEQ ID NO: 37.

Pharmacia Corporation: US20040166544

Pierre Fabre: US20110239316, US20110097262, US20100115639

Sumsung: US 20110129481—for example a monoclonal antibody produced from a hybridoma cell having accession number KCLRF-BP-00219 or accession number of KCLRF-BP-00223.

Samsung: US 20110104176—for example an antibody produced by a hybridoma cell having Accession Number: KCLRF-BP-00220.

University of Turin Medical School: DN-30 Pacchiana G., et al J Biol Chem. 2010 Nov. 12; 285(46):36149-57

Van Andel Research Institute: Jiao Y., et al Mol Biotechnol. 2005 September; 31(1):41-54.

(43) MUC1 (Mucin 1, cell surface associated)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no J05581

Genbank version no. J05581.1 GI:188869 (SEQ ID NO: 132)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:48 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA59876

Genbank version no. AAA59876.1 GI:188870 (SEQ ID NO: 133)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:48 AM

Cross References

Gendler S. J., et al J. Biol. Chem. 265 (25), 15286-15293 (1990)

Other Information

Official Symbol: MUC1

Other Aliases: RP11-263K19.2, CD227, EMA, H23AG, KL-6, MAM6, MUC-1, MUC-1/SEC,

MUC-1/X, MUC1/ZD, PEM, PEMT, PUM

Other Designations: DF3 antigen; H23 antigen; breast carcinoma-associated antigen DF3; carcinoma-associated mucin; episialin; krebs von den Lungen-6; mucin 1, transmembrane; mucin-1; peanut-reactive urinary mucin; polymorphic epithelial mucin; tumor associated epithelial mucin; tumor-associated epithelial membrane antigen; tumor-associated mucin

Antibodies

AltaRex—Quest Pharma Tech: U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,966—for example an Alt-1 antibody produced by the hybridoma ATCC No PTA-975.

AltaRex—Quest Pharma Tech: U.S. Pat. No. 7,147,850

CRT: 5E5—Sørensen A L., et al Glycobiology vol. 16 no. 2 pp. 96-107, 2006; HMFG2—Burchell J., et al Cancer Res., 47, 5476-5482 (1987)

Glycotope GT-MAB: GT-MAB 2.5-GEX (Website:

http://www.glycotope.com/pipeline/pankomab-gex)

Immunogen: U.S. Pat. No. 7,202,346

-   -   for example, antibody MJ-170: hybridoma cell line MJ-170 ATCC         accession no. PTA-5286Monoclonal antibody MJ-171: hybridoma cell         line MJ-171 ATCC accession no. PTA-5287; monoclonal antibody         MJ-172: hybridoma cell line MJ-172 ATCC accession no. PTA-5288;         or monoclonal antibody MJ-173: hybridoma cell line MJ-173 ATCC         accession no. PTA-5302

Immunomedics: U.S. Pat. No. 6,653,104

Ramot Tel Aviv Uni: U.S. Pat. No. 7,897,351

Regents Uni. CA: U.S. Pat. No. 7,183,388; US20040005647; US20030077676.

Roche GlycArt: U.S. Pat. No. 8,021,856

Russian National Cancer Research Center: Imuteran-Ivanov P K., et al Biotechnol J. 2007 July; 2(7):863-70

Technische Univ Braunschweig: (IIB6, HT186-B7, HT186-D11, HT186-G2, HT200-3A-C1, HT220-M-D1, HT220-M-G8)—Thie H., et al PLoS One. 2011 Jan. 14; 6(1):e15921

(44) CA9 (Carbonic anhydrase IX)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. X66839

Genbank version no. X66839.1 GI:1000701 (SEQ ID NO: 134)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:15 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CAA47315

Genbank version no. CAA47315.1 GI:1000702 (SEQ ID NO: 135)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:15 AM

Cross References

Pastorek J., et al Oncogene 9 (10), 2877-2888 (1994)

Other Information

Official Symbol: CA9

Other Aliases: CAIX, MN

Other Designations: CA-IX; P54/58N; RCC-associated antigen G250; RCC-associated protein G250; carbonate dehydratase IX; carbonic anhydrase 9; carbonic dehydratase; membrane antigen MN; pMW1; renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250

Antibodies

Abgenix/Amgen: US20040018198

Affibody: Anti-CAIX Affibody molecules

-   -   (http://www.affibody.com/en/Product-Portfolio/Pipeline/)

Bayer: U.S. Pat. No. 7,462,696

Bayer/Morphosys: 3ee9 mAb—Petrul H M., et al Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 February; 11(2):340-9

Harvard Medical School: Antibodies G10, G36, G37, G39, G45, G57, G106, G119, G6, G27, G40 and G125. Xu C., et al PLoS One. 2010 Mar. 10; 5(3):e9625

Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (Bayer)—U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,075

-   -   for example, M75—ATCC Accession No. HB 11128 or MN12—ATCC         Accession No. HB 11647

Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences: U.S. Pat. No. 7,816,493

-   -   for example the M75 monoclonal antibody that is secreted from         the hybridoma VU-M75, which was deposited at the American Type         Culture Collection under ATCC No. HB 11128; or the V/10         monoclonal antibody secreted from the hybridoma V/10-VU, which         was deposited at the International Depository Authority of the         Belgian Coordinated Collection of Microorganisms (BCCM) at the         Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Bioloqie-Plasmidencollectie (LMBP)         at the Universeit Gent in Gent, Belgium, under Accession No.         LMBP 6009CB.

Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences US20080177046; US20080176310; US 20080176258; US20050031623

Novartis: US20090252738

Wilex: U.S. Pat. No. 7,691,375—for example the antibody produced by the hybridoma cell line DSM ASC 2526.

Wilex: US20110123537; Rencarex: Kennett R H., et al Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2003 February; 5(1):70-5

Xencor: US20090162382

(45) EGFRvIII (Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), transcript variant 3,

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_201283

Genbank version no. NM_201283.1 GI:41327733 (SEQ ID NO: 136)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:47 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_958440

Genbank version no. NP_958440.1 GI:41327734 (SEQ ID NO: 137)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:47 PM

Cross-References

Batra S K., et al Cell Growth Differ 1995; 6:1251-1259.

Antibodies:

U.S. Pat. No. 7,628,986 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,736,644 (Amgen)

-   -   For example, a heavy chain variable region amino acid sequence         selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 142 and         variants & a light chain variable region amino acid sequence         selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 144 and         variants.

US20100111979 (Amgen)

-   -   For example, an antibody comprising a heavy chain amino acid         sequence comprising:     -   CDR1 consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting         of the amino acid sequences for the CDR1 region of antibodies         13.1.2 (SEQ ID NO: 138), 131 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 170 (SEQ ID NO: 4),         150 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 095 (SEQ ID NO: 7), 250 (SEQ ID NO: 9), 139         (SEQ ID NO: 10), 211 (SEQ ID NO: 12), 124 (SEQ ID NO: 13), 318         (SEQ ID NO: 15), 342 (SEQ ID NO: 16), and 333 (SEQ ID NO: 17);     -   CDR2 consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting         of the amino acid sequences for the CDR2 region of antibodies         13.1.2 (SEQ ID NO: 138), 131 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 170 (SEQ ID NO: 4),         150 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 095 (SEQ ID NO: 7), 250 (SEQ ID NO: 9), 139         (SEQ ID NO: 10), 211 (SEQ ID NO: 12), 124 (SEQ ID NO: 13), 318         (SEQ ID NO: 15), 342 (SEQ ID NO: 16), and 333 (SEQ ID NO: 17);         and     -   CDR3 consisting of a sequence selected from the group consisting         of the amino acid sequences for the CDR3 region of antibodies         13.1.2 (SEQ ID NO: 138), 131 (SEQ ID NO: 2), 170 (SEQ ID NO: 4),         150 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 095 (SEQ ID NO: 7), 250 (SEQ ID NO: 9), 139         (SEQ ID NO: 10), 211 (SEQ ID NO: 12), 124 (SEQ ID NO: 13), 318         (SEQ ID NO: 15), 342 (SEQ ID NO: 16), and 333 (SEQ ID NO: 17).

US20090240038 (Amgen)

-   -   For example, an antibody having at least one of the heavy or         light chain polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence that         is at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence selected         from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ         ID NO: 142, SEQ ID NO: 144, and any combination thereof.

US20090175887 (Amgen)

-   -   For example, an antibody having a heavy chain amino acid         sequence selected from the group consisting of the heavy chain         amino acid sequence of antibody 13.1.2 (SEQ ID NO: 138), 131         (SEQ ID NO: 2), 170 (SEQ ID NO: 4), 150 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 095 (SEQ         ID NO: 7), 250 (SEQ ID NO: 9), 139 (SEQ ID NO: 10), 211 (SEQ ID         NO: 12), 124 (SEQ ID NO: 13), 318 (SEQ ID NO: 15), 342 (SEQ ID         NO: 16), and 333 (SEQ ID NO: 17).

US20090156790 (Amgen)

-   -   For example, antibody having heavy chain polypeptide and a light         chain polypeptide, wherein at least one of the heavy or light         chain polypeptides comprises an amino acid sequence that is at         least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence selected from the         group consisting of: SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 19, SEQ ID NO:         142, SEQ ID NO: 144, and any combination thereof.

US20090155282, US20050059087 and US20050053608 (Amgen)

-   -   For example, an antibody heavy chain amino acid sequence         selected from the group consisting of the heavy chain amino acid         sequence of antibody 13.1.2 (SEQ ID NO: 138), 131 (SEQ ID NO:         2), 170 (SEQ ID NO: 4), 150 (SEQ ID NO: 5), 095 (SEQ ID NO: 7),         250 (SEQ ID NO: 9), 139 (SEQ ID NO: 10), 211 (SEQ ID NO: 12),         124 (SEQ ID NO: 13), 318 (SEQ ID NO: 15), 342 (SEQ ID NO: 16),         and 333 (SEQ ID NO: 17).

MR1-1 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,129,332; Duke)

-   -   For example, a variant antibody having the sequence of SEQ ID         NO. 18 with the substitutions S98P-T99Y in the CDR3 VH, and F92W         in CDR3 VL.

L8A4, H10, Y10 (Wikstrand C J., et al Cancer Res. 1995 Jul. 15; 55(14):3140-8; Duke)

US20090311803 (Harvard University)

-   -   For example, SEQ ID NO:9 for antibody heavy chain variable         region, and SEQ ID NO: 3 for light chain variable region amino         acid sequences

US20070274991 (EMD72000, also known as matuzumab; Harvard University)

-   -   For example, SEQ ID NOs: 3 & 9 for light chain and heavy chain         respectively

U.S. Pat. No. 6,129,915 (Schering)

-   -   For example, SEQ. ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

mAb CH12—Wang H., et al FASEB J. 2012 January; 26(1):73-80 (Shanghai Cancer Institute).

RAbDMvIII—Gupta P., et al BMC Biotechnol. 2010 Oct. 7; 10:72 (Stanford University Medical Center).

mAb Ua30—Ohman L., et al Tumour Biol. 2002 March-April; 23(2):61-9 (Uppsala University).

Han D G., et al Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2010 January; 30(1):25-9 (Xi'an Jiaotong University).

(46) CD33 (CD33 molecule)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. M 23197

Genbank version no. NM_23197.1 GI:180097 (SEQ ID NO: 138)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA51948

Genbank version no. AAA51948.1 GI:188098 (SEQ ID NO: 139)(**GI:180098)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Cross-References

Simmons D., et al J. Immunol. 141 (8), 2797-2800 (1988)

Other Information

Official Symbol: CD33

Other Aliases: SIGLEC-3, SIGLEC3, p67

Other Designations: CD33 antigen (gp67); gp67; myeloid cell surface antigen CD33; sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3; sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin

Antibodies

H195 (Lintuzumab)—Raza A., et al Leuk Lymphoma. 2009 August; 50(8):1336-44; U.S. Pat. No. 6,759,045 (Seattle Genetics/Immunomedics)

mAb OKT9: Sutherland, D. R. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78(7): 4515-4519 1981, Schneider, C., et al J Biol Chem 257, 8516-8522 (1982)

mAb E6: Hoogenboom, H. R., et al J Immunol 144, 3211-3217 (1990)

U.S. Pat. No. 6,590,088 (Human Genome Sciences)

-   -   For example, SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2 and ATCC accession no. 97521

U.S. Pat. No. 7,557,189 (Immunogen)

-   -   For example, an antibody or fragment thereof comprising a heavy         chain variable region which comprises three CDRs having the         amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs:1-3 and a light chain         variable region comprising three CDRs having the amino acid         sequences of SEQ ID NOs:4-6.

(47) CD19 (CD19 molecule)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_001178098

Genbank version no. NM_001178098.1 GI:296010920 (SEQ ID NO: 140)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 10, 2012 12:43 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_001171569

Genbank version no. NP_001171569.1 GI:296010921 (SEQ ID NO: 141)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 10, 2012 12:43 AM

Cross-References

Tedder T F., et al J. Immunol. 143 (2): 712-7 (1989)

Other Information

Official Symbol: CD19

Other Aliases: B4, CVID3

Other Designations: B-lymphocyte antigen CD19; B-lymphocyte surface antigen B4; T-cell surface antigen Leu-12; differentiation antigen CD19

Antibodies

Immunogen: HuB4—Al-Katib A M., et al Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Jun. 15; 15(12):4038-45.

4G7: Kügler M., et al Protein Eng Des Sel. 2009 March; 22(3):135-47

-   -   For example, sequences in FIG. 3 of of Knappik, A. et al. J Mol         Biol 2000 February; 296(1):57-86

AstraZeneca/MedImmune: MEDI-551—Herbst R., et al J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2010 October; 335(1):213-22

Glenmark Pharmaceuticals: GBR-401—Hou S., et al Mol Cancer Ther November 2011 10 (Meeting Abstract Supplement) C164

U.S. Pat. No. 7,109,304 (Immunomedics)

-   -   For example, an antibody comprising the sequence of hA19Vk (SEQ         ID NO:7) and the sequence of hA19VH (SEQ ID NO:10)

U.S. Pat. No. 7,902,338 (Immunomedics)

-   -   For example, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof         that comprises the light chain complementarity determining         region CDR sequences CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 16 (KASQSVDYDGDSYLN)         (SEQ ID NO: 228); CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 17 (DASNLVS) (SEQ ID NO:         229); and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 18 (QQSTEDPVVT) (SEQ ID NO: 230)         and the heavy chain CDR sequences CDR1 of SEQ ID NO: 19 (SYWMN)         (SEQ ID NO: 231); CDR2 of SEQ ID NO: 20 (QIWPGDGDTNYNGKFKG) (SEQ         ID NO: 232) and CDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 21 (RETTTVGRYYYAMDY) (SEQ ID         NO: 233) and also comprises human antibody framework (FR) and         constant region sequences with one or more framework region         amino acid residues substituted from the corresponding framework         region sequences of the parent murine antibody, and wherein said         substituted FR residues comprise the substitution of serine for         phenylalanine at Kabat residue 91 of the heavy chain variable         region.

Medarex: MDX-1342—Cardarelli P M., et al Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010 February; 59(2):257-65.

MorphoSys/Xencor: MOR-208/XmAb-5574—Zalevsky J., et al Blood. 2009 Apr. 16; 113(16):3735-43

U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,687 (Seattle Genetics)

-   -   An antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain         variable domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID         NO:9 and a light chain variable domain comprising the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.

4G7 chim—Lang P., et al Blood. 2004 May 15; 103(10):3982-5 (University of Tübingen)

-   -   For example, FIG. 6 and SEQ ID No: 80 of US20120082664

Zhejiang University School of Medicine: 2E8—Zhang J., et al J Drug Target. 2010 November; 18(9):675-8

(48) IL2RA (Interleukin 2 receptor, alpha); NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_000417.2);

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_000417

Genbank version no. NM_000417.2 GI:269973860 (SEQ ID NO: 142)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 9, 2012 04:59 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_000408

Genbank version no. NP_000408.1 GI:4557667 (SEQ ID NO: 143)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 9, 2012 04:59 PM

Cross-References

Kuziel W. A., et al J. Invest. Dermatol. 94 (6 SUPPL), 27S-32S (1990)

Other Information

Official Symbol: IL2RA

Other Aliases: RP11-536K7.1, CD25, IDDM10, IL2R, TCGFR

Other Designations: FIL-2 receptor subunit alpha; IL-2-RA; IL-2R subunit alpha; IL2-RA; TAC antigen; interleukin-2 receptor subunit alpha; p55

Antibodies

U.S. Pat. No. 6,383,487 (Novartis/UCL: Baxilisimab [Simulect])

U.S. Pat. No. 6,521,230 (Novartis/UCL: Baxilisimab [Simulect])

-   -   For example, an antibody having an antigen binding site         comprises at least one domain which comprises CDR1 having the         amino acid sequence in SEQ. ID. NO: 7, CDR2 having the amino         acid sequence in SEQ. ID. NO: 8, and CDR3 chaving the amino acid         sequence in SEQ. ID. NO: 9; or said CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3 taken in         sequence as a whole comprise an amino acid sequence which is at         least 90% identical to SEQ. ID. NOs: 7, 8 and 9 taken in         sequence as a whole.

Daclizumab—Rech A J., et al Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 September; 1174:99-106 (Roche)

(49) AXL (AXL receptor tyrosine kinase)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. M76125

Genbank version no. M76125.1 GI:292869 (SEQ ID NO: 144)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:53 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA61243

Genbank version no. AAA61243.1 GI:29870 (SEQ ID NO: 145)(**GI:292870)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:53 AM

Cross-References

O'Bryan J. P., et al Mol. Cell. Biol. 11 (10), 5016-5031 (1991); Bergsagel P. L., et al J. Immunol. 148 (2), 590-596 (1992)

Other Information

Official Symbol: AXL

Other Aliases: JTK11, UFO

Other Designations: AXL oncogene; AXL transforming sequence/gene; oncogene AXL; tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO

Antibodies

YW327.6S2—Ye X., et al Oncogene. 2010 Sep. 23; 29(38):5254-64. (Genentech)

BergenBio: BGB324 (http://www.bergenbio.com/BGB324)

(50) CD30—TNFRSF8 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 8)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. M83554

Genbank version no. M83554.1 GI:180095 (SEQ ID NO: 146)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:53 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA51947

Genbank version no. AAA51947.1 GI:180096 (SEQ ID NO: 147)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:53 AM

Cross References

Durkop H., et al Cell 68 (3), 421-427 (1992)

Other Information

Official Symbol: TNFRSF8

Other Aliases: CD30, D1S166E, Ki-1

Other Designations: CD30L receptor; Ki-1 antigen; cytokine receptor CD30; lymphocyte activation antigen CD30; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8

(51) BCMA (B-cell maturation antigen)—TNFRSF17 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 17)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. Z29574

Genbank version no. Z29574.1 GI:471244 (SEQ ID NO: 148)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:40 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CAA82690

Genbank version no. CAA82690.1 GI:471245 (SEQ ID NO: 149)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:40 AM

Cross-References

Laabi Y., et al Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (7), 1147-1154 (1994)

Other Information

Official Symbol: TNFRSF17

Other Aliases: BCM, BCMA, CD269

Other Designations: B cell maturation antigen; B-cell maturation factor; B-cell maturation protein; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17

(52) CT Ags—CTA (Cancer Testis Antigens)

Cross-References

Fratta E., et al. Mol Oncol. 2011 April; 5(2):164-82; Lim S H., at al Am J Blood Res. 2012; 2(1):29-35.

(53) CD174 (Lewis Y)—FUT3 (fucosyltransferase 3 (galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase, Lewis blood group)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM000149

Genbank version no. NM000149.3 GI:148277008 (SEQ ID NO: 150)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 26, 2012 04:49 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_000140

Genbank version no. NP_000140.1 GI:4503809 (SEQ ID NO: 151)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 26, 2012 04:49 PM

Cross-References

Kukowska-Latallo, J. F., et al Genes Dev. 4 (8), 1288-1303 (1990)

Other Information

Official Symbol: FUT3

Other Aliases: CD174, FT3B, FucT-III, LE, Les

Other Designations: Lewis F T; alpha-(1,3/1,4)-fucosyltransferase; blood group Lewis alpha-4-fucosyltransferase; fucosyltransferase III; galactoside 3(4)-L-fucosyltransferase

(54) CLEC14A (C-type lectin domain family 14, member A; Genbank accession no. NM175060)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM175060

Genbank version no. NM175060.2 GI:371123930 (SEQ ID NO: 152)

Genbank record update date: Apr. 1, 2012 03:34 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_778230

Genbank version no. NP_778230.1 GI:28269707 (SEQ ID NO: 153)

Genbank record update date: Apr. 1, 2012 03:34 PM

Other Information

Official Symbol: CLEC14A

Other Aliases: UNQ236/PRO269, C14orf27, CEG1, EGFR-5

Other Designations: C-type lectin domain family 14 member A; CIECT and EGF-like domain containing protein; epidermal growth factor receptor 5

(55) GRP78—HSPA5 (heat shock 70 kDa protein 5 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM005347

Genbank version no. NM005347.4 GI:305855105 (SEQ ID NO: 154)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:42 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_005338

Genbank version no. NP_005338.1 GI:16507237 (SEQ ID NO: 155)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:42 PM

Cross-References

Ting J., et al DNA 7 (4), 275-286 (1988)

Other Information

Official Symbol: HSPA5

Other Aliases: BIP, GRP78, MIF2

Other Designations: 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein; endoplasmic reticulum lumenal Ca(2+)-binding protein grp78; immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein

(56) CD70 (CD70 molecule) L08096

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. L08096

Genbank version no. L08096.1 GI:307127 (SEQ ID NO: 156)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2012 08:54 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA36175

Genbank version no. AAA36175.1 GI:307128 (SEQ ID NO: 157)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2012 08:54 AM

Cross-References

Goodwin R. G., et al Cell 73 (3), 447-456 (1993)

Other Information

Official Symbol: CD70

Other Aliases: CD27L, CD27LG, TNFSF7

Other Designations: CD27 ligand; CD27-L; CD70 antigen; Ki-24 antigen; surface antigen CD70; tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 7; tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 7

Antibodies

MDX-1411 against CD70 (Medarex)

h1F6 (Oflazoglu, E., et al, Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Oct. 1; 14(19):6171-80; Seattle Genetics)

-   -   For example, see US20060083736 SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 11 and 12 and         FIG. 1.

(57) Stem Cell specific antigens. For example:

-   -   5T4 (see entry (63) below)     -   CD25 (see entry (48) above)     -   CD32         -   Polypeptide             -   Genbank accession no. ABK42161             -   Genbank version no. ABK42161.1 GI:117616286 (SEQ ID NO:                 158)             -   Genbank record update date: Jul. 25, 2007 03:00 PM     -   LGR5/GPR49         -   Nucleotide             -   Genbank accession no. NM_003667             -   Genbank version no. NM_003667.2 GI:24475886 (SEQ ID NO:                 159)             -   Genbank record update date: Jul. 22, 2012 03:38 PM         -   Polypeptide             -   Genbank accession no. NP_003658             -   Genbank version no. NP_003658.1 GI:4504379 (SEQ ID NO:                 160)             -   Genbank record update date: Jul. 22, 2012 03:38 PM     -   Prominin/CD133         -   Nucleotide             -   Genbank accession no. NM_006017             -   Genbank version no. NM_006017.2 GI:224994187 (SEQ ID NO:                 161)             -   Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:47 PM         -   Polypeptide             -   Genbank accession no. NP_006008             -   Genbank version no. NP_006008.1 GI:5174387 (SEQ ID NO:                 162)             -   Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:47 PM

(58) ASG-5

Cross-References

(Smith L. M., et. al AACR 2010 Annual Meeting (abstract #2590); Gudas J. M., et. al. AACR 2010 Annual Meeting (abstract #4393)

Antibodies

Anti-AGS-5 Antibody: M6.131 (Smith, L. M., et. al AACR 2010 Annual Meeting (abstract #2590)

(59) ENPP3 (Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AF005632

Genbank version no. AF005632.2 GI:4432589 (SEQ ID NO: 163)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 09:41 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAC51813

Genbank version no. AAC51813.1 GI:2465540 (SEQ ID NO: 164)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 09:41 PM

Cross-References

Jin-Hua P., et al Genomics 45 (2), 412-415 (1997)

Other Information

Official Symbol: ENPP3

Other Aliases: RP5-988G15.3, B10, CD203c, NPP3, PD-IBETA, PDNP3

Other Designations: E-NPP 3; dJ1005H11.3 (phosphodiesterase 1/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 3); dJ914N13.3 (phosphodiesterase 1/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 3); ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family member 3; gp130RB13-6; phosphodiesterase I beta; phosphodiesterase I/nucleotide pyrophosphatase 3; phosphodiesterase-I beta

(60) PRR4 (Proline rich 4 (lacrimal))

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_007244

Genbank version no. NM_007244.2 GI:154448885 (SEQ ID NO: 165)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 28, 2012 12:39 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_009175

Genbank version no. NP_009175.2 GI:154448886 (SEQ ID NO: 166)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 28, 2012 12:39 PM

Cross-References

Dickinson D. P., et al Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 36 (10), 2020-2031 (1995)

Other Information

Official Symbol: PRR4

Other Aliases: LPRP, PROL4

Other Designations: lacrimal proline-rich protein; nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated proline-rich protein 4; proline-rich polypeptide 4; proline-rich protein 4

(61) GCC—GUCY2C (guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_004963

Genbank version no. NM_004963.3 GI:222080082 (SEQ ID NO: 167)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 2, 2012 01:50 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_004954

Genbank version no. NP_004954.2 GI:222080083 (SEQ ID NO: 168)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 2, 2012 01:50 PM

Cross References

De Sauvage F. J., et al J. Biol. Chem. 266 (27), 17912-17918 (1991); Singh S., et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179 (3), 1455-1463 (1991)

Other Information

Official Symbol: GUCY2C

Other Aliases: DIAR6, GUC2C, MUCIL, STAR

Other Designations: GC-C; STA receptor; guanylyl cyclase C; hSTAR; heat-stable enterotoxin receptor; intestinal guanylate cyclase

(62) Liv-1—SLC39A6 (Solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 6)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. U41060

Genbank version no. U41060.2 GI:12711792 (SEQ ID NO: 169)

Genbank record update date: Nov. 30, 2009 04:35 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA96258

Genbank version no. AAA96258.2 GI:12711793 (SEQ ID NO: 170)

Genbank record update date: Nov. 30, 2009 04:35 PM

Cross-References

Taylor K M., et al Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Apr. 1; 1611(1-2):16-30

Other Information

Official Symbol: SLC39A6

Other Aliases: LIV-1

Other Designations: LIV-1 protein, estrogen regulated; ZIP-6; estrogen-regulated protein LIV-1; solute carrier family 39 (metal ion transporter), member 6; solute carrier family 39 member 6; zinc transporter ZIP6; zrt- and Irt-like protein 6

(63) 5T4, Trophoblast glycoprotein, TPBG—TPBG (trophoblast glycoprotein)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AJ012159

Genbank version no. AJ012159.1 GI:3805946 (SEQ ID NO: 171)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 1, 2011 10:27 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CAA09930

Genbank version no. CAA09930.1 GI:3805947 (SEQ ID NO: 172)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 1, 2011 10:27 AM

Cross-References

King K. W., et al Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1445 (3), 257-270 (1999)

Other Information

-   -   Official Symbol: TPBG     -   Other Aliases: 5T4, 5T4AG, M6P1     -   Other Designations: 5T4 oncofetal antigen; 5T4 oncofetal         trophoblast glycoprotein; 5T4 oncotrophoblast glycoprotein

(64) CD56—NCMA I (Neural cell adhesion molecule 1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_000615

Genbank version no. NM_000615.6 GI:336285433 (SEQ ID NO: 173)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:32 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_000606

Genbank version no. NP_000606.3 GI:94420689 (SEQ ID NO: 174)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:32 PM

Cross-References

Dickson, G., et al, Cell 50 (7), 1119-1130 (1987)

Other Information

Official Symbol: NCAM1

Other Aliases: CD56, MSK39, NCAM

Other Designations: antigen recognized by monoclonal antibody 5.1H11; neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM

Antibodies

Immunogen: HuN901 (Smith S V., et al Curr Opin Mol Ther. 2005 August; 7(4):394-401)

-   -   For example, see humanized from murine N901 antibody. See FIGS.         1b and 1e of Roguska, M. A., et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA         February 1994; 91:969-973.

(65) CanAg (Tumor associated antigen CA242)

Cross-References

Haglund C., et al Br J Cancer 60:845-851, 1989; Baeckstrom D., et al J Biol Chem 266:21537-21547, 1991

Antibodies

huC242 (Tolcher A W et al., J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan. 15; 21(2):211-22; Immunogen)

-   -   For example, see US20080138898A1 SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2

(66) FOLR1 (Folate Receptor 1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. J05013

Genbank version no. J05013.1 GI:182417 (SEQ ID NO: 175)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA35823

Genbank version no. AAA35823.1 GI:182418 (SEQ ID NO: 176)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 AM

Cross-References

Elwood P. C., et al J. Biol. Chem. 264 (25), 14893-14901 (1989)

Other Information

Official Symbol: FOLR1

Other Aliases: FBP, FOLR

Other Designations: FR-alpha; KB cells FBP; adult folate-binding protein; folate binding protein; folate receptor alpha; folate receptor, adult; ovarian tumor-associated antigen MOv18

Antibodies

M9346A—Whiteman K R., et al Cancer Res Apr. 15, 2012; 72(8 Supplement): 4628 (Immunogen)

(67) GPNMB (Glycoprotein (transmembrane) nmb)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. X76534

Genbank version no. X76534.1 GI:666042 (SEQ ID NO: 177)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:10 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CAA54044

Genbank version no. CAA54044.1 GI:666043 (SEQ ID NO: 178)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:10 AM

Cross-References

Weterman M. A., et al Int. J. Cancer 60 (1), 73-81 (1995)

Other Information

Official Symbol: GPNMB

Other Aliases: UNQ1725/PRO9925, HGFIN, NMB

Other Designations: glycoprotein NMB; glycoprotein nmb-like protein; osteoactivin; transmembrane glycoprotein HGFIN; transmembrane glycoprotein NMB

Antibodies

Celldex Therapeutics: CR011 (Tse K F., et al Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Feb. 15; 12(4):1373-82)

-   -   For example, see EP1827492B1 SEQ ID NO: 22, 24, 26, 31, 33 and         35

(68) TIM-1—HAVCR1 (Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AF043724

Genbank version no. AF043724.1 GI:2827453 (SEQ ID NO: 179)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 06:24 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAC39862

Genbank version no. AAC39862.1 GI:2827454 (SEQ ID NO: 180)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 06:24 PM

Cross-References

Feigelstock D., et al J. Virol. 72 (8), 6621-6628 (1998)

Other Information

Official Symbol: HAVCR1

Other Aliases: HAVCR, HAVCR-1, KIM-1, KIM1, TIM, TIM-1, TIM1, TIMD-1, TIMD1

Other Designations: T cell immunoglobin domain and mucin domain protein 1; T-cell membrane protein 1; kidney injury molecule 1

(69) RG-1/Prostate tumor target Mindin—Mindin/RG-1

Cross-References

Parry R., et al Cancer Res. 2005 Sep. 15; 65(18):8397-405

(70) B7-H4—VTCN1 (V-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. BX648021

Genbank version no. BX648021.1 GI:34367180 (SEQ ID NO: 181)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 08:40 AM

Cross-References

Sica G L., et al Immunity. 2003 June; 18(6):849-61

Other Information

Official Symbol: VTCN1

Other Aliases: RP11-229A19.4, B7-H4, B7H4, B7S1, B7X, B7h.5, PRO1291, VCTN1

Other Designations: B7 family member, H4; B7 superfamily member 1; T cell costimulatory molecule B7x; T-cell costimulatory molecule B7x; V-set domain-containing T-cell activation inhibitor 1; immune costimulatory protein B7-H4

(71) PTK7 (PTK7 protein tyrosine kinase 7)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AF447176

Genbank version no. AF447176.1 GI:17432420 (SEQ ID NO: 182)

Genbank record update date: Nov. 28, 2008 01:51 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAL39062

Genbank version no. AAL39062.1 GI:17432421 (SEQ ID NO: 183)

Genbank record update date: Nov. 28, 2008 01:51 PM

Cross-References

Park S. K., et al J. Biochem. 119 (2), 235-239 (1996)

Other Information

Official Symbol: PTK7

Other Aliases: CCK-4, CCK4

Other Designations: colon carcinoma kinase 4; inactive tyrosine-protein kinase 7; pseudo tyrosine kinase receptor 7; tyrosine-protein kinase-like 7

(72) CD37 (CD37 molecule)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_001040031

Genbank version no. NM_001040031.1 GI:91807109 (SEQ ID NO: 184)

Genbank record update date: Jul. 29, 2012 02:08 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_001035120

Genbank version no. NP_001035120.1 GI:91807110 (SEQ ID NO: 185)

Genbank record update date: Jul. 29, 2012 02:08 PM

Cross-References

Schwartz-Albiez R., et al J. Immunol. 140 (3), 905-914 (1988)

Other Information

Official Symbol: CD37

Other Aliases: GP52-40, TSPAN26

Other Designations: CD37 antigen; cell differentiation antigen 37; leukocyte antigen CD37; leukocyte surface antigen CD37; tetraspanin-26; tspan-26

Antibodies

Boehringer Ingelheim: mAb 37.1 (Heider K H., et al Blood. 2011 Oct. 13; 118(15):4159-68)

Trubion: CD37-SMIP (G28-1 scFv-Ig) ((Zhao X., et al Blood. 2007; 110: 2569-2577)

-   -   For example, see US20110171208A1 SEQ ID NO: 253

Immunogen: K7153A (Deckert J., et al Cancer Res Apr. 15, 2012; 72(8 Supplement): 4625)

(73) CD138—SDC1 (syndecan 1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AJ551176

Genbank version no. AJ551176.1 GI:29243141 (SEQ ID NO: 186)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 1, 2011 12:09 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CAD80245

Genbank version no. CAD80245.1 GI:29243142 (SEQ ID NO: 187)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 1, 2011 12:09 PM

Cross-References

O'Connell F P., et al Am J Clin Pathol. 2004 February; 121(2):254-63

Other Information

Official Symbol: SDC1

Other Aliases: CD138, SDC, SYND1, syndecan

Other Designations: CD138 antigen; heparan sulfate proteoglycan fibroblast growth factor receptor; syndecan proteoglycan 1; syndecan-1

Antibodies

Biotest: chimerized MAb (nBT062)—(Jagannath S., et al Poster ASH #3060, 2010; WIPO Patent Application WO/2010/128087)

-   -   For example, see US20090232810 SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2

Immunogen: B-B4 (Tassone P., et al Blood 104_3688-3696)

-   -   For example, see US20090175863A1 SEQ ID NO: 1 and 2

(74) CD74 (CD74 molecule, major histocompatibility complex, class II invariant chain)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_004355

Genbank version no. NM_004355.1 GI:343403784 (SEQ ID NO: 188)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:30 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_004346

Genbank version no. NP_004346.1 GI:10835071 (SEQ ID NO: 189)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:30 PM

Cross-References

Kudo, J., et al Nucleic Acids Res. 13 (24), 8827-8841 (1985)

Other Information

Official Symbol: CD74

Other Aliases: DHLAG, HLADG, II, la-GAMMA

Other Designations: CD74 antigen (invariant polypeptide of major histocompatibility complex, class II antigen-associated); HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain; HLA-DR antigens-associated invariant chain; HLA-DR-gamma; la-associated invariant chain; MHC HLA-DR gamma chain; gamma chain of class II antigens; p33

Antibodies

Immunomedics: hLL1 (Milatuzumab,)—Berkova Z., et al Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2010 January; 19(1):141-9)

-   -   For example, see US20040115193 SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23         and 24

Genmab: HuMax-CD74 (see website)

(75) Claudins—CLs (Claudins)

Cross-References

Offner S., et al Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005 May; 54(5):431-45, Suzuki H., et al Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 July; 1258:65-70)

In humans, 24 members of the family have been described—see literature reference.

(76) EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_005228

Genbank version no. NM_005228.3 GI:41927737 (SEQ ID NO: 190)(GI:41327737)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:47 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_005219

Genbank version no. NP_005219.2 GI:29725609 (SEQ ID NO: 191)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:47 PM

Cross-References

Dhomen N S., et al Crit Rev Oncog. 2012; 17(1):31-50

Other Information

Official Symbol: EGFR

Other Aliases: ERBB, ERBB1, HER1, PIG61, mENA

Other Designations: avian erythroblastic leukemia viral (v-erb-b) oncogene homolog; cell growth inhibiting protein 40; cell proliferation-inducing protein 61; proto-oncogene c-ErbB-1; receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1

Antibodies

BMS: Cetuximab (Erbitux)—Broadbridge V T., et al Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2012 May; 12(5):555-65.

-   -   For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,217,866—ATTC deposit No. 9764.

Amgen: Panitumumab (Vectibix)—Argiles G., et al Future Oncol. 2012 April; 8(4):373-89

-   -   For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,883 SEQ ID NOs: 23-38.

Genmab: Zalutumumab—Rivera F., et al Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2009 May; 9(5):667-74.

Y M Biosciences: Nimotuzumab—Ramakrishnan M S., et al MAbs. 2009 January-February; 1(1):41-8.

-   -   For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,891,996 SEQ ID NOs: 27-34.

(77) Her3 (ErbB3)—ERBB3 (v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 3 (avian))

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. M34309

Genbank version no. M34309.1 GI:183990 (SEQ ID NO: 192)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA35979

Genbank version no. AAA35979.1 GI:306841 (SEQ ID NO: 193)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:47 PM

Cross-References

Plowman, G. D., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (13), 4905-4909 (1990)

Other Information

Official Symbol: ERBB3

Other Aliases: ErbB-3, HER3, LCCS2, MDA-BF-1, c-erbB-3, c-erbB3, erbB3-S, p180-ErbB3, p45-sErbB3, p85-sErbB3

Other Designations: proto-oncogene-like protein c-ErbB-3; receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-3; tyrosine kinase-type cell surface receptor HER3

Antibodies

Merimack Pharma: MM-121 (Schoeberl B., et al Cancer Res. 2010 Mar. 15; 70(6):2485-2494)

-   -   For example, see US2011028129 SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7         and 8.

(78) RON—MST1R (macrophage stimulating 1 receptor (c-met-related tyrosine kinase))

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. X70040

Genbank version no. X70040.1 GI:36109 (SEQ ID NO: 194)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:17 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CCA49634

Genbank version no. CCA49634.1 GI:36110 (SEQ ID NO: 195)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:17 PM

Cross-References

Ronsin C., et al Oncogene 8 (5), 1195-1202 (1993)

Other Information

Official Symbol: MST1R

Other Aliases: CD136, CDw136, PTK8, RON

Other Designations: MSP receptor; MST1R variant RON30; MST1R variant RON62; PTK8 protein tyrosine kinase 8; RON variant E2E3; c-met-related tyrosine kinase; macrophage-stimulating protein receptor; p185-Ron; soluble RON variant 1; soluble RON variant 2; soluble RON variant 3; soluble RONvariant 4

(79) EPHA2 (EPH receptor A2)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. BC037166

Genbank version no. BC037166.2 GI:33879863 (SEQ ID NO: 196)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 6, 2012 01:59 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAH37166

Genbank version no. AAH37166.1 GI:22713539 (SEQ ID NO: 197)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 6, 2012 01:59 PM

Cross-References

Strausberg R. L., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26), 16899-16903 (2002)

Other Information

Official Symbol: EPHA2

Other Aliases: ARCC2, CTPA, CTPP1, ECK

Other Designations: ephrin type-A receptor 2; epithelial cell receptor protein tyrosine kinase; soluble EPHA2 variant 1; tyrosine-protein kinase receptor ECK

Antibodies

Medimmune: 1C1 (Lee J W., et al Clin Cancer Res. 2010 May 1; 16(9):2562-2570)

-   -   For example, see US20090304721A1 FIGS. 7 and 8.

(80) CD20—MS4A1 (membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, member 1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. M27394

Genbank version no. M27394.1 GI:179307 (SEQ ID NO: 198)

Genbank record update date: Nov. 30, 2009 11:16 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA35581

Genbank version no. AAA35581.1 GI:179308 (SEQ ID NO: 199)

Genbank record update date: Nov. 30, 2009 11:16 AM

Cross-References

Tedder T. F., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85 (1), 208-212 (1988)

Other Information

Official Symbol: MS4A1

Other Aliases: B1, Bp35, CD20, CVID5, LEU-16, MS4A2, S7

Other Designations: B-lymphocyte antigen CD20; B-lymphocyte cell-surface antigen B1; CD20 antigen; CD20 receptor; leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16

Antibodies

Genentech/Roche: Rituximab—Abdulla N E., et al BioDrugs. 2012 Apr. 1; 26(2):71-82.

-   -   For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, ATCC deposit No.         HB-69119.

GSK/Genmab: Ofatumumab—Nightingale G., et al Ann Pharmacother. 2011 October; 45(10):1248-55.

-   -   For example, see US20090169550A1 SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4 and 5.

Immunomedics: Veltuzumab—Goldenberg D M., et al Leuk Lymphoma. 2010 May; 51(5):747-55.

-   -   For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,919,273B2 SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3,         4, 5 and 6.

(81) Tenascin C—TNC (Tenascin C)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_002160

Genbank version no. NM_002160.3 GI:340745336 (SEQ ID NO: 200)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:33 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_002151

Genbank version no. NP_002151.2 GI:153946395 (SEQ ID NO: 201)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 23, 2012 02:33 PM

Cross-References

Nies D. E., et al J. Biol. Chem. 266 (5), 2818-2823 (1991); Siri A., et al Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (3), 525-531 (1991)

Other Information

Official Symbol: TNC

Other Aliases: 150-225, GMEM, GP, HXB, JI, TN, TN-C

Other Designations: GP 150-225; cytotactin; glioma-associated-extracellular matrix antigen; hexabrachion (tenascin); myotendinous antigen; neuronectin; tenascin; tenascin-C isoform 14/AD 1/16

Antibodies

Philogen: G11 (von Lukowicz T., et al J Nucl Med. 2007 April; 48(4):582-7) and F16 (Pedretti M., et al Lung Cancer. 2009 April; 64(1):28-33)

-   -   For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,685 SEQ ID NOs: 29, 35, 45         and 47.

(82) FAP (Fibroblast activation protein, alpha)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. U09278

Genbank version no. U09278.1 GI:1888315 (SEQ ID NO: 202)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 09:22 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAB49652

Genbank version no. AAB49652.1 GI:1888316 (SEQ ID NO: 203)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 09:22 AM

Scanlan, M. J., et al Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (12), 5657-5661 (1994)

Other Information

Official Symbol: FAP

Other Aliases: DPPIV, FAPA

Other Designations: 170 kDa melanoma membrane-bound gelatinase; integral membrane serine protease; seprase

(83) DKK-1 (Dickkopf 1 homolog (Xenopus laevis)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_012242

Genbank version no. NM_012242.2 GI:61676924 (SEQ ID NO: 204)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:48 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_036374

Genbank version no. NP_036374.1 GI:7110719 (SEQ ID NO: 205)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:48 PM

Cross-References

Fedi P. et al J. Biol. Chem. 274 (27), 19465-19472 (1999)

Other Information

Official Symbol: DKK1

Other Aliases: UNQ492/PRO1008, DKK-1, SK

Other Designations: dickkopf related protein-1; dickkopf-1 like; dickkopf-like protein 1; dickkopf-related protein 1; hDkk-1

Antibodies

Novartis: BHQ880 (Fulciniti M., et al Blood. 2009 Jul. 9; 114(2):371-379)

-   -   For example, see US20120052070A1 SEQ ID NOs: 100 and 108.

(84) CD52 (CD52 molecule)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_001803

Genbank version no. NM_001803.2 GI:68342029 (SEQ ID NO: 206)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:48 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_001794

Genbank version no. NP_001794.2 GI:68342030 (SEQ ID NO: 207)

Genbank record update date: Sep. 30, 2012 01:48 PM

Cross-References

Xia M. Q., et al Eur. J. Immunol. 21 (7), 1677-1684 (1991)

Other Information

Official Symbol: CD52

Other Aliases: CDW52

Other Designations: CAMPATH-1 antigen; CD52 antigen (CAMPATH-1 antigen); CDW52 antigen (CAMPATH-1 antigen); cambridge pathology 1 antigen; epididymal secretory protein E5; he5; human epididymis-specific protein 5

Antibodies

Alemtuzumab (Campath)—Skoetz N., et al Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb. 15; 2:CD008078.

-   -   For example, see Drugbank Acc. No. DB00087 (BIOD00109, BTD00109)

(85) CS1—SLAMF7 (SLAM family member 7)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. NM_021181

Genbank version no. NM_021181.3 GI:1993571 (SEQ ID NO: 208)(**GI:19923571)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 29, 2012 11:24 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. NP_067004

Genbank version no. NP_067004.3 GI:19923572 (SEQ ID NO: 209)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 29, 2012 11:24 AM

Cross-References

Boles K. S., et al Immunogenetics 52 (3-4), 302-307 (2001)

Other Information

Official Symbol: SLAMF7

Other Aliases: UNQ576/PRO1138, 19A, CD319, CRACC, CS1

Other Designations: 19A24 protein; CD2 subset 1; CD2-like receptor activating cytotoxic cells; CD2-like receptor-activating cytotoxic cells; membrane protein FOAP-12; novel LY9 (lymphocyte antigen 9) like protein; protein 19A

Antibodies

BMS: elotuzumab/HuLuc63 (Benson D M., et al J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jun. 1; 30(16):2013-2015)

-   -   For example, see US20110206701 SEQ ID NOs: 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,         14, 15 and 16.

(86) Endoglin—ENG (Endoglin)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. AF035753

Genbank version no. AF035753.1 GI:3452260 (SEQ ID NO: 210)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 06:36 PM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAC32802

Genbank version no. AAC32802.1 GI:3452261 (SEQ ID NO: 211)

Genbank record update date: Mar. 10, 2010 06:36 PM

Cross-References

Rius C., et al Blood 92 (12), 4677-4690 (1998)

Official Symbol: ENG

Other Information

Other Aliases: RP11-228B15.2, CD105, END, HHT1, ORW, ORW1

Other Designations: CD105 antigen

(87) Annexin A1—ANXA1 (Annexin A1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. X05908

Genbank version no. X05908.1 GI:34387 (SEQ ID NO: 212)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:02 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. CCA29338

Genbank version no. CCA29338.1 GI:34388 (SEQ ID NO: 213)

Genbank record update date: Feb. 2, 2011 10:02 AM

Cross-References

Wallner B. P., et al Nature 320 (6057), 77-81 (1986)

Other Information

Official Symbol: ANXA1

Other Aliases: RP11-71A24.1, ANX1, LPC1

Other Designations: annexin I (lipocortin I); annexin-1; calpactin II; calpactin-2; chromobindin-9; lipocortin I; p35; phospholipase A2 inhibitory protein

(88) V-CAM (CD106)—VCAM1 (Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1)

Nucleotide

Genbank accession no. M60335

Genbank version no. M60335.1 GI:340193 (SEQ ID NO: 214)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:56 AM

Polypeptide

Genbank accession no. AAA61269

Genbank version no. AAA61269.1 GI:340194 (SEQ ID NO: 215)

Genbank record update date: Jun. 23, 2010 08:56 AM

Cross-References

Hession C., et al J. Biol. Chem. 266 (11), 6682-6685 (1991)

Other Information

Official Symbol VCAM1

Other Aliases: CD106, INCAM-100

Other Designations: CD106 antigen; vascular cell adhesion protein 1

Antibody Sequences Anti-Integrin avβ6 RHAB6.2 QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKISCKASGFAFTDSYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMG WIDPENGDTEYAPKFQRFVFSLDTSVSTAYLQISSLKAEDTAVYYCTRG TPTAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVAGPYPFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 3) RHCB6.2 QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGYTFIDSYMHWVRQAPGQRLEWMG WIDPENGDTEYAPKFQGRVTITTDTSASTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAR GTPTAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVAGPYPFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 4) RHF QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGFNFIDSYMHWVRQAPGQRLEWMG WIDPENGDTEYAPKFQGRVTFTTDTSASTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCNE GTPTGPYYFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 5) RHFB6 QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGASVKVSCKASGFNFIDSYMHWVRQAPGQRLEWMG WIDPENGDTEYAPKFQGRVTFTTDTSASTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCNE GTPTAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVAGPYYFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 6) RHAY100bP QVQLVQSGSELKKPGASVKISCKASGFAFTDSYMHWVRQAPGQGLEWMG WIDPENGDTEYAPKFQGRFVFSLDTSVSTAYLQISSLKAEDTAVYYCTR GTPTGPYPFDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 7) RKF ENVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYS TSNLASGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPLTFG GGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 8) RKFL36L50 ENVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWLQQKPGQAPRLLIYL TSNLASGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPLTFG GGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 9) RKC EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCSASSSVSYMHWFQQKPGQAPRLLIYS TSNLASGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLEPEDFAVYYCQQRSSYPLTFG GGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 10) Anti-CD33 CD33 Hum195 VH QVQLVQSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYTFTDYNMHWVRQAPGQGLEWIG YIYPYNGGTGYNQKFKSKATITADESTNTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAR GRPAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 11) CD33 Hum195 VK DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASESVDNYGISFMNWFQQKPGKAPK LLIYAASNQGSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPDDFATYYCQQSKEV PWTFGQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 12) Anti-CD19 CD19 B4 resurfaced VH QVQLVQPGAEVVKPGASVKLSCKTSGYTFTSNWMHWVKQRPGQGLEWIG EIDPSDSYTNYNQNFKGKAKLTVDKSTSTAYMEVSSLRSDDTAVYYCAR GSNPYYYAMDYWGQGTSVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 13) CD19 B4 resurfaced VK EIVLTQSPAIMSASPGERVTMTCSASSGVNYMHWYQQKPGTSPRRWIYD TSKLASGVPARFSGSGSGTSYSLTISSMEPEDAATYYCHQRGSYTFGGG TKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 14) Anti-Her2 Herceptin VH chain EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFNIKDTYIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVA RIYPTNGYTRYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCSR WGGDGFYAMDYWGQGTLVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 15) Herceptin VL chain DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDVNTAVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIY SASFLYSGVPSRFSGSRSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQHYTTPPTF GQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 16) Anti-CD25 Simulect VK (also known as Basiliximab) QIVSTQSPAIMSASPGEKVTMTCSASSSRSYMQWYQQKPGTSPKRWIYD TSKLASGVPARFSGSGSGTSYSLTISSMEAEDAATYYCHQRSSYTFGGG TKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 17) Simulect VH QLQQSGTVLARPGASVKMSCKASGYSFTRYWMHWIKQRPGQGLEWIGAI YPGNSDTSYNQKFEGKAKLTAVTSASTAYMELSSLTHEDSAVYYCSRDY GYYFDFWGQGTTLTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 18) Anti-PSMA Deimmunised VH ′1 EVQLVQSGPEVKKPGATVKISCKTSGYTFTEYTIHWVKQAPGKGLEWIG NINPNNGGTTYNQKFEDKATLTVDKSTDTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCAA GWNFDYWGQGTLLTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 19) Deimmunised VK ′1 DIQMTQSPSSLSTSVGDRVTLTCKASQDVGTAVDWYQQKPGPSPKLLIY WASTRHTGIPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFADYYCQQYNSYPLTF GPGTKVDIK (SEQ ID NO: 20) Deimmunised VH1 ′5 EVKLVESGGGLVQPGGSMKLSCVASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVTISRDDSKSIVYLQMNNLRAEDTGVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 21) Deimmunised VH2 ′5 EVKLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCVASGFTFSNYWMNVVVRQAPGKGLEWV AEIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVTISRDDSKSIVYLQMNNLRAEDTAVYY CTRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 22) Deimmunised VH3 ′5 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCVASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVTISRDDSKSIVYLQMNNLRAEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 23) Deimmunised VH4 ′5 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCVASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQAPGKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRFTISRDDSKSIVYLQMNNLRAEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 24) Deimmunised VK1 ′5 NIVMTQFPSSMSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPDQSPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPDRFTGSGSATDFTLTISSLQTEDLADYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKLEMK (SEQ ID NO: 25) Deimmunised VK2 ′5 NIVMTQFPSSMSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPDQSPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQAEDLADYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 26) Deimmunised VK3 ′5 NIQMTQFPSAMSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPDQSPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQAEDLADYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 27) Deimmunised VK4 ′5 NIQMTQFPSAMSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPDQSPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQAEDEADYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKLEIK (SEQ ID NO: 28) Deimmunised VK DI ′5 NIVMTQFPKSMSASAGERMTLTCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPTQSPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFILTISSVQAEDLVDYYCGQSYTFPYTF GGGTKLEMK (SEQ ID NO: 29) Deimmunised VH DI ′5 EVKLEESGGGLVQPGGSMKISCVASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQSPEKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVIISRDDSKSSVYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 30) Humanised RHA ′5 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQASGKGLEWVG EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRFTISRDDSKNTAYLQMNSLKTEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 31) Humanised RHB ′5 EVKLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQASGKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVIISRDDSKNTVYLQMNSLRTEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 32) Humanised RHC ′5 EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQASGKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVIISRDDSKNTVYLQMNSLRTEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 33) Humanised RHD ′5 EVKLVESGGGLVQ PGGSLKLSCAASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQASGKGLEWV GEIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVIISRDDSKNTVYLQMNSLRTEDTAVYY CTRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 34) Humanised RHE ′5 EVKLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQASGKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRFTISRDDSKNTVYLQMNSLRTEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 35) Humanised RHF ′5 EVKLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQASGKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVIISRDDSKNTAYLQMNSLRTEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 36) Humanised RHG ′5 EVKLVESGGGLVQPGGSLKLSCAASGFTFSNYWMNWVRQASGKGLEWVA EIRSQSNNFATHYAESVKGRVIISRDDSKNTAYLQMNSLRTEDTAVYYC TRRWNNFWGQGTTVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 37) Humanised RKA ′5 DIQMTQSPSSVSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPGTAPKLLIY GASNRFTGVPSRFSGSGSATDFTLTINNLQPEDFATYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 38) Humanised RKB ′5 DIQMTQSPSSVSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPGTAPKLLIY GASNRFTGVPSRFSGSGSATDFTLTINNLQPEDFATYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 39) Humanised RKC ′5 DIQMTQSPSSVSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPGTAPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPSRFSGSGSATDFTLTINNLQPEDFATYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 40) Humanised RKD ′5 DIQMTQSPSSVSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPGTAPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPSRFSGSGSATDFTLTINNLQPEDFATYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 41) Humanised RKE ′5 NIVMTQSPSSVSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPGTAPKLLIY GASNRFTGVPDRFTGSGSATDFILTINNLQPEDFATYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 42) Humanised RKF ′5 NIVMTQSPSSVSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPGTAPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPSRFSGSGSATDFILTINNLQPEDFATYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 43) Humanised RKG ′5 NIVMTQSPSSVSASVGDRVTITCKASENVGTYVSWYQQKPGTAPKMLIY GASNRFTGVPDRFTGSGSATDFTLTINNLQPEDFATYYCGQSYTFPYTF GQGTKVEIK (SEQ ID NO: 44)

The parent antibody may also be a fusion protein comprising an albumin-binding peptide (ABP) sequence (Dennis et al. (2002) “Albumin Binding As A General Strategy For Improving The Pharmacokinetics Of Proteins” J Biol Chem. 277:35035-35043; WO 01/45746). Antibodies of the invention include fusion proteins with ABP sequences taught by: (i) Dennis et al (2002) J Biol Chem. 277:35035-35043 at Tables III and IV, page 35038; (ii) US 2004/0001827 at [0076]; and (iii) WO 01/45746 at pages 12-13, and all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the antibody has been raised to target specific the tumour related antigen α_(v)β₆.

The cell binding agent may be labelled, for example to aid detection or purification of the agent either prior to incorporation as a conjugate, or as part of the conjugate. The label may be a biotin label. In another embodiment, the cell binding agent may be labelled with a radioisotope.

Embodiments of the present invention include ConjA wherein the cell binding agent is selected from an antibody to any of the antigens discussed above.

Embodiments of the present invention include ConjB wherein the cell binding agent is selected from an antibody to any of the antigens discussed above.

Embodiments of the present invention include ConjA wherein the cell binding agent is selected from any of the antibodies discussed above.

Embodiments of the present invention include ConjB wherein the cell binding agent is selected from any of the antibodies discussed above.

The present invention may also relate to conjugates where the cell binding agent is selected from an antibody to any of the antigens discussed above and any of the antibodies discussed above linked to different drugs.

Drug Loading

The drug loading is the average number of PBD drugs per cell binding agent, e.g. antibody.

Where the compounds of the invention are bound to cysteines, drug loading may range from 1 to 8 drugs (D) per cell binding agent, i.e. where 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 drug moieties are covalently attached to the cell binding agent. Compositions of conjugates include collections of cell binding agents, e.g. antibodies, conjugated with a range of drugs, from 1 to 8. Where the compounds of the invention are bound to lysines, drug loading may range from 1 to 80 drugs (D) per cell binding agent, although an upper limit of 40, 20, 10 or 8 may be preferred. Compositions of conjugates include collections of cell binding agents, e.g. antibodies, conjugated with a range of drugs, from 1 to 80, 1 to 40, 1 to 20, 1 to 10 or 1 to 8.

The average number of drugs per antibody in preparations of ADC from conjugation reactions may be characterized by conventional means such as UV, reverse phase HPLC, HIC, mass spectroscopy, ELISA assay, and electrophoresis. The quantitative distribution of ADC in terms of p may also be determined. By ELISA, the averaged value of p in a particular preparation of ADC may be determined (Hamblett et al (2004) Clin. Cancer Res. 10:7063-7070; Sanderson et al (2005) Clin. Cancer Res. 11:843-852). However, the distribution of p (drug) values is not discernible by the antibody-antigen binding and detection limitation of ELISA. Also, ELISA assay for detection of antibody-drug conjugates does not determine where the drug moieties are attached to the antibody, such as the heavy chain or light chain fragments, or the particular amino acid residues. In some instances, separation, purification, and characterization of homogeneous ADC where p is a certain value from ADC with other drug loadings may be achieved by means such as reverse phase HPLC or electrophoresis. Such techniques are also applicable to other types of conjugates.

For some antibody-drug conjugates, p may be limited by the number of attachment sites on the antibody. For example, an antibody may have only one or several cysteine thiol groups, or may have only one or several sufficiently reactive thiol groups through which a linker may be attached. Higher drug loading, e.g. p >5, may cause aggregation, insolubility, toxicity, or loss of cellular permeability of certain antibody-drug conjugates.

Typically, fewer than the theoretical maximum of drug moieties are conjugated to an antibody during a conjugation reaction. An antibody may contain, for example, many lysine residues that do not react with the drug-linker intermediate (D-L) or linker reagent. Only the most reactive lysine groups may react with an amine-reactive linker reagent. Also, only the most reactive cysteine thiol groups may react with a thiol-reactive linker reagent. Generally, antibodies do not contain many, if any, free and reactive cysteine thiol groups which may be linked to a drug moiety. Most cysteine thiol residues in the antibodies of the compounds exist as disulfide bridges and must be reduced with a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or TCEP, under partial or total reducing conditions. The loading (drug/antibody ratio) of an ADC may be controlled in several different manners, including: (i) limiting the molar excess of drug-linker intermediate (D-L) or linker reagent relative to antibody, (ii) limiting the conjugation reaction time or temperature, and (iii) partial or limiting reductive conditions for cysteine thiol modification.

Certain antibodies have reducible interchain disulfides, i.e. cysteine bridges. Antibodies may be made reactive for conjugation with linker reagents by treatment with a reducing agent such as DTT (dithiothreitol). Each cysteine bridge will thus form, theoretically, two reactive thiol nucleophiles. Additional nucleophilic groups can be introduced into antibodies through the reaction of lysines with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent) resulting in conversion of an amine into a thiol. Reactive thiol groups may be introduced into the antibody (or fragment thereof) by engineering one, two, three, four, or more cysteine residues (e.g., preparing mutant antibodies comprising one or more non-native cysteine amino acid residues). U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,541 teaches engineering antibodies by introduction of reactive cysteine amino acids.

Cysteine amino acids may be engineered at reactive sites in an antibody and which do not form intrachain or intermolecular disulfide linkages (Junutula, et al., 2008b Nature Biotech., 26(8):925-932; Dornan et al (2009) Blood 114(13):2721-2729; U.S. Pat. No. 7,521,541; U.S. Pat. No. 7,723,485; WO2009/052249). The engineered cysteine thiols may react with linker reagents or the drug-linker reagents of the present invention which have thiol-reactive, electrophilic groups such as maleimide or alpha-halo amides to form ADC with cysteine engineered antibodies and the PBD drug moieties. The location of the drug moiety can thus be designed, controlled, and known. The drug loading can be controlled since the engineered cysteine thiol groups typically react with thiol-reactive linker reagents or drug-linker reagents in high yield. Engineering an IgG antibody to introduce a cysteine amino acid by substitution at a single site on the heavy or light chain gives two new cysteines on the symmetrical antibody. A drug loading near 2 can be achieved with near homogeneity of the conjugation product ADC.

Where more than one nucleophilic or electrophilic group of the antibody reacts with a drug-linker intermediate, or linker reagent followed by drug moiety reagent, then the resulting product is a mixture of ADC compounds with a distribution of drug moieties attached to an antibody, e.g. 1, 2, 3, etc. Liquid chromatography methods such as polymeric reverse phase (PLRP) and hydrophobic interaction (HIC) may separate compounds in the mixture by drug loading value. Preparations of ADC with a single drug loading value (p) may be isolated, however, these single loading value ADCs may still be heterogeneous mixtures because the drug moieties may be attached, via the linker, at different sites on the antibody.

Thus the antibody-drug conjugate compositions of the invention include mixtures of antibody-drug conjugate compounds where the antibody has one or more PBD drug moieties and where the drug moieties may be attached to the antibody at various amino acid residues.

In one embodiment, the average number of dimer pyrrolobenzodiazepine groups per cell binding agent is in the range 1 to 20. In some embodiments the range is selected from 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 2 to 6, 2 to 4, and 4 to 8.

In some embodiments, there is one dimer pyrrolobenzodiazepine group per cell binding agent.

Includes Other Forms

Unless otherwise specified, included in the above are the well known ionic, salt, solvate, and protected forms of these substituents. For example, a reference to carboxylic acid (—COOH) also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (—COO⁻), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms. Similarly, a reference to an amino group includes the protonated form (—N⁺HR¹R²), a salt or solvate of the amino group, for example, a hydrochloride salt, as well as conventional protected forms of an amino group. Similarly, a reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (—O⁻), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.

Salts

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a corresponding salt of the active compound, for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts are discussed in Berge, et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 1-19 (1977).

-   -   For example, if the compound is anionic, or has a functional         group which may be anionic (e.g. —COOH may be —COO⁻), then a         salt may be formed with a suitable cation. Examples of suitable         inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal         ions such as Na⁺ and K⁺, alkaline earth cations such as Ca²⁺ and         Mg²⁺, and other cations such as Al⁺³. Examples of suitable         organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion         (i.e. NH₄) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g. NH₃R⁺, NH₂R₂ ⁺,         NHR₃ ⁺, NR₄ ⁺). Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium         ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine,         dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine,         ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine,         phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well         as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine. An example of a         common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH₃)₄ ⁺.

If the compound is cationic, or has a functional group which may be cationic (e.g. —NH₂ may be —NH₃ ⁺), then a salt may be formed with a suitable anion. Examples of suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.

Examples of suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, trifluoroacetic acid and valeric. Examples of suitable polymeric organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following polymeric acids: tannic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose.

Solvates

It may be convenient or desirable to prepare, purify, and/or handle a corresponding solvate of the active compound. The term “solvate” is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g. active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.

The invention includes compounds where a solvent adds across the imine bond of the PBD moiety, which is illustrated below where the solvent is water or an alcohol (R^(A)OH, where R^(A) is C₁₋₄ alkyl):

These forms can be called the carbinolamine and carbinolamine ether forms of the PBD (as described in the section relating to R¹⁰ above). The balance of these equilibria depend on the conditions in which the compounds are found, as well as the nature of the moiety itself.

These particular compounds may be isolated in solid form, for example, by lyophilisation.

Isomers

Certain compounds of the invention may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, atropic, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r-forms; endo- and exo-forms; R-, S-, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and I-forms; (+) and (−) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; a- and β-forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively referred to as “isomers” (or “isomeric forms”).

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.

The term “stereoisomers” refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.

“Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.

“Enantiomers” refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.

Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1994. The compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the invention, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention. Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes d and I or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) or I meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another. A specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process. The terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.

Note that, except as discussed below for tautomeric forms, specifically excluded from the term “isomers”, as used herein, are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e. isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space). For example, a reference to a methoxy group, —OCH₃, is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, —CH₂OH. Similarly, a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl. However, a reference to a class of structures may well include structurally isomeric forms falling within that class (e.g. C₁₋₇ alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).

The above exclusion does not pertain to tautomeric forms, for example, keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms, as in, for example, the following tautomeric pairs: keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hyroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.

The term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier. For example, proton tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers) include interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enol and imine-enamine isomerizations. Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.

Note that specifically included in the term “isomer” are compounds with one or more isotopic substitutions. For example, H may be in any isotopic form, including ¹H, ²H (D), and ³H (T); C may be in any isotopic form, including ¹²C, ¹³C, and ¹⁴C; O may be in any isotopic form, including ¹⁶O and ¹⁸O; and the like.

Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as, but not limited to ²H (deuterium, D), ³H (tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸F, ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl, and ¹²⁵I. Various isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3H, 13C, and 14C are incorporated. Such isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. Deuterium labelled or substituted therapeutic compounds of the invention may have improved DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics) properties, relating to distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. An 18F labeled compound may be useful for PET or SPECT studies. Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes, particularly deuterium (i.e., 2H or D) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index. It is understood that deuterium in this context is regarded as a substituent. The concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium, may be defined by an isotopic enrichment factor. In the compounds of this invention any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotope is meant to represent any stable isotope of that atom.

Unless otherwise specified, a reference to a particular compound includes all such isomeric forms, including (wholly or partially) racemic and other mixtures thereof. Methods for the preparation (e.g. asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g. fractional crystallisation and chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known manner.

Biological Activity

In Vitro Cell Proliferation Assays

Generally, the cytotoxic or cytostatic activity of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is measured by: exposing mammalian cells having receptor proteins, e.g. HER2, to the antibody of the ADC in a cell culture medium; culturing the cells for a period from about 6 hours to about 5 days; and measuring cell viability. Cell-based in vitro assays are used to measure viability (proliferation), cytotoxicity, and induction of apoptosis (caspase activation) of an ADC of the invention.

The in vitro potency of antibody-drug conjugates can be measured by a cell proliferation assay. The CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay is a commercially available (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.), homogeneous assay method based on the recombinant expression of Coleoptera luciferase (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,583,024; 5,674,713 and 5,700,670). This cell proliferation assay determines the number of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP present, an indicator of metabolically active cells (Crouch et al (1993) J. Immunol. Meth. 160:81-88; U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,677). The CellTiter-Glo® Assay is conducted in 96 well format, making it amenable to automated high-throughput screening (HTS) (Cree et al (1995) Anti Cancer Drugs 6:398-404). The homogeneous assay procedure involves adding the single reagent (CellTiter-Glo® Reagent) directly to cells cultured in serum-supplemented medium. Cell washing, removal of medium and multiple pipetting steps are not required. The system detects as few as 15 cells/well in a 384-well format in 10 minutes after adding reagent and mixing. The cells may be treated continuously with ADC, or they may be treated and separated from ADC. Generally, cells treated briefly, i.e. 3 hours, showed the same potency effects as continuously treated cells.

The homogeneous “add-mix-measure” format results in cell lysis and generation of a luminescent signal proportional to the amount of ATP present. The amount of ATP is directly proportional to the number of cells present in culture. The CellTiter-Glo® Assay generates a “glow-type” luminescent signal, produced by the luciferase reaction, which has a half-life generally greater than five hours, depending on cell type and medium used. Viable cells are reflected in relative luminescence units (RLU). The substrate, Beetle Luciferin, is oxidatively decarboxylated by recombinant firefly luciferase with concomitant conversion of ATP to AMP and generation of photons.

The in vitro potency of antibody-drug conjugates can also be measured by a cytotoxicity assay. Cultured adherent cells are washed with PBS, detached with trypsin, diluted in complete medium, containing 10% FCS, centrifuged, re-suspended in fresh medium and counted with a haemocytometer. Suspension cultures are counted directly. Monodisperse cell suspensions suitable for counting may require agitation of the suspension by repeated aspiration to break up cell clumps.

The cell suspension is diluted to the desired seeding density and dispensed (100 μl per well) into black 96 well plates. Plates of adherent cell lines are incubated overnight to allow adherence. Suspension cell cultures can be used on the day of seeding.

A stock solution (1 ml) of ADC (20 μg/ml) is made in the appropriate cell culture medium. Serial 10-fold dilutions of stock ADC are made in 15 ml centrifuge tubes by serially transferring 100 μl to 900 μl of cell culture medium.

Four replicate wells of each ADC dilution (100 μl) are dispensed in 96-well black plates, previously plated with cell suspension (100 μl), resulting in a final volume of 200 μl. Control wells receive cell culture medium (100 μl).

If the doubling time of the cell line is greater than 30 hours, ADC incubation is for 5 days, otherwise a four day incubation is done.

At the end of the incubation period, cell viability is assessed with the Alamar blue assay. AlamarBlue (Invitrogen) is dispensed over the whole plate (20 μl per well) and incubated for 4 hours. Alamar blue fluorescence is measured at excitation 570 nm, emission 585 nm on the Varioskan flash plate reader. Percentage cell survival is calculated from the mean fluorescence in the ADC treated wells compared to the mean fluorescence in the control wells.

In Vivo Efficacy

The in vivo efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of the invention can be measured by tumor xenograft studies in mice. For example, the in vivo efficacy of an anti-HER2 ADC of the invention can be measured by a high expressing HER2 transgenic explant mouse model. An allograft is propagated from the Fo5 mmtv transgenic mouse which does not respond to, or responds poorly to, HERCEPTIN® therapy. Subjects are treated once with ADC at certain dose levels (mg/kg) and PBD drug exposure (μg/m²); and placebo buffer control (Vehicle) and monitored over two weeks or more to measure the time to tumor doubling, log cell kill, and tumor shrinkage.

Use

The conjugates of the invention may be used to provide a PBD compound at a target location.

The target location is preferably a proliferative cell population. The antibody is an antibody for an antigen present on a proliferative cell population.

In one embodiment the antigen is absent or present at a reduced level in a non-proliferative cell population compared to the amount of antigen present in the proliferative cell population, for example a tumour cell population.

At the target location the linker may be cleaved so as to release a compound RelA or RelB. Thus, the conjugate may be used to selectively provide a compound RelA or RelB to the target location.

The linker may be cleaved by an enzyme present at the target location.

The target location may be in vitro, in vivo or ex vivo.

The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) compounds of the invention include those with utility for anticancer activity. In particular, the compounds include an antibody conjugated, i.e. covalently attached by a linker, to a PBD drug moiety, i.e. toxin. When the drug is not conjugated to an antibody, the PBD drug has a cytotoxic effect. The biological activity of the PBD drug moiety is thus modulated by conjugation to an antibody. The antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of the invention selectively deliver an effective dose of a cytotoxic agent to tumor tissue whereby greater selectivity, i.e. a lower efficacious dose, may be achieved.

Thus, in one aspect, the present invention provides a conjugate compound as described herein for use in therapy.

In a further aspect there is also provides a conjugate compound as described herein for use in the treatment of a proliferative disease. A second aspect of the present invention provides the use of a conjugate compound in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a proliferative disease.

One of ordinary skill in the art is readily able to determine whether or not a candidate conjugate treats a proliferative condition for any particular cell type. For example, assays which may conveniently be used to assess the activity offered by a particular compound are described in the examples below.

The term “proliferative disease” pertains to an unwanted or uncontrolled cellular proliferation of excessive or abnormal cells which is undesired, such as, neoplastic or hyperplastic growth, whether in vitro or in vivo.

Examples of proliferative conditions include, but are not limited to, benign, pre-malignant, and malignant cellular proliferation, including but not limited to, neoplasms and tumours (e.g. histocytoma, glioma, astrocyoma, osteoma), cancers (e.g. lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, bowel cancer, colon cancer, breast carinoma, ovarian carcinoma, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, liver cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, pancreas cancer, brain cancer, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, melanoma), lymphomas, leukemias, psoriasis, bone diseases, fibroproliferative disorders (e.g. of connective tissues), and atherosclerosis. Cancers of particular interest include, but are not limited to, leukemias and ovarian cancers.

Any type of cell may be treated, including but not limited to, lung, gastrointestinal (including, e.g. bowel, colon), breast (mammary), ovarian, prostate, liver (hepatic), kidney (renal), bladder, pancreas, brain, and skin.

In one embodiment, the treatment is of a pancreatic cancer.

In one embodiment, the treatment is of a tumour having α_(v)β₆ integrin on the surface of the cell.

It is contemplated that the antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) of the present invention may be used to treat various diseases or disorders, e.g. characterized by the overexpression of a tumor antigen. Exemplary conditions or hyperproliferative disorders include benign or malignant tumors; leukemia, haematological, and lymphoid malignancies. Others include neuronal, glial, astrocytal, hypothalamic, glandular, macrophagal, epithelial, stromal, blastocoelic, inflammatory, angiogenic and immunologic, including autoimmune, disorders.

Generally, the disease or disorder to be treated is a hyperproliferative disease such as cancer. Examples of cancer to be treated herein include, but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma, and leukemia or lymphoid malignancies. More particular examples of such cancers include squamous cell cancer (e.g. epithelial squamous cell cancer), lung cancer including small-cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung and squamous carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastric or stomach cancer including gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma, salivary gland carcinoma, kidney or renal cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer, thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, anal carcinoma, penile carcinoma, as well as head and neck cancer.

Autoimmune diseases for which the ADC compounds may be used in treatment include rheumatologic disorders (such as, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, scleroderma, lupus such as SLE and lupus nephritis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, cryoglobulinemia, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, and psoriatic arthritis), osteoarthritis, autoimmune gastrointestinal and liver disorders (such as, for example, inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and celiac disease), vasculitis (such as, for example, ANCA-associated vasculitis, including Churg-Strauss vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and polyarteriitis), autoimmune neurological disorders (such as, for example, multiple sclerosis, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, myasthenia gravis, neuromyelitis optica, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and autoimmune polyneuropathies), renal disorders (such as, for example, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, and Berger's disease), autoimmune dermatologic disorders (such as, for example, psoriasis, urticaria, hives, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and cutaneous lupus erythematosus), hematologic disorders (such as, for example, thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, post-transfusion purpura, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia), atherosclerosis, uveitis, autoimmune hearing diseases (such as, for example, inner ear disease and hearing loss), Behcet's disease, Raynaud's syndrome, organ transplant, and autoimmune endocrine disorders (such as, for example, diabetic-related autoimmune diseases such as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), Addison's disease, and autoimmune thyroid disease (e.g. Graves' disease and thyroiditis)). More preferred such diseases include, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, Graves' disease, IDDM, pernicious anemia, thyroiditis, and glomerulonephritis.

Methods of Treatment

The conjugates of the present invention may be used in a method of therapy. Also provided is a method of treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of a conjugate compound of the invention. The term “therapeutically effective amount” is an amount sufficient to show benefit to a patient. Such benefit may be at least amelioration of at least one symptom. The actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage, is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors.

A compound of the invention may be administered alone or in combination with other treatments, either simultaneously or sequentially dependent upon the condition to be treated. Examples of treatments and therapies include, but are not limited to, chemotherapy (the administration of active agents, including, e.g. drugs, such as chemotherapeutics); surgery; and radiation therapy.

A “chemotherapeutic agent” is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer, regardless of mechanism of action. Classes of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, spindle poison plant alkaloids, cytotoxic/antitumor antibiotics, topoisomerase inhibitors, antibodies, photosensitizers, and kinase inhibitors. Chemotherapeutic agents include compounds used in “targeted therapy” and conventional chemotherapy.

Examples of chemotherapeutic agents include: erlotinib (TARCEVA®, Genentech/OSI Pharm.), docetaxel (TAXOTERE®, Sanofi-Aventis), 5-FU (fluorouracil, 5-fluorouracil, CAS No. 51-21-8), gemcitabine (GEMZAR®, Lilly), PD-0325901 (CAS No. 391210-10-9, Pfizer), cisplatin (cis-diamine, dichloroplatinum(II), CAS No. 15663-27-1), carboplatin (CAS No. 41575-94-4), paclitaxel (TAXOL®, Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®, Genentech), temozolomide (4-methyl-5-oxo-2,3,4,6,8-pentazabicyclo [4.3.0] nona-2,7,9-triene-9-carboxamide, CAS No. 85622-93-1, TEMODAR®, TEMODAL®, Schering Plough), tamoxifen ((Z)-2-[4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine, NOLVADEX®, ISTUBAL®, VALODEX®), and doxorubicin (ADRIAMYCIN®), Akti-1/2, HPPD, and rapamycin.

More examples of chemotherapeutic agents include: oxaliplatin (ELOXATIN®, Sanofi), bortezomib (VELCADE®, Millennium Pharm.), sutent (SUNITINIB®, SU11248, Pfizer), letrozole (FEMARA®, Novartis), imatinib mesylate (GLEEVEC®, Novartis), XL-518 (Mek inhibitor, Exelixis, WO 2007/044515), ARRY-886 (Mek inhibitor, AZD6244, Array BioPharma, Astra Zeneca), SF-1126 (PI3K inhibitor, Semafore Pharmaceuticals), BEZ-235 (PI3K inhibitor, Novartis), XL-147 (PI3K inhibitor, Exelixis), PTK787/ZK 222584 (Novartis), fulvestrant (FASLODEX®, AstraZeneca), leucovorin (folinic acid), rapamycin (sirolimus, RAPAMUNE®, Wyeth), Iapatinib (TYKERB®, GSK572016, Glaxo Smith Kline), Ionafarnib (SARASAR™, SCH 66336, Schering Plough), sorafenib (NEXAVAR®, BAY43-9006, Bayer Labs), gefitinib (IRESSA®, AstraZeneca), irinotecan (CAMPTOSAR®, CPT-11, Pfizer), tipifarnib (ZARNESTRA™, Johnson & Johnson), ABRAXANE™ (Cremophor-free), albumin-engineered nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel (American Pharmaceutical Partners, Schaumberg, II), vandetanib (rINN, ZD6474, ZACTIMA®, AstraZeneca), chloranmbucil, AG1478, AG1571 (SU 5271; Sugen), temsirolimus (TORISEL®, Wyeth), pazopanib (GlaxoSmithKline), canfosfamide (TELCYTA®, Telik), thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXAN®, NEOSAR®); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, triethylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphoramide and trimethylomelamine; acetogenins (especially bullatacin and bullatacinone); a camptothecin (including the synthetic analog topotecan); bryostatin; callystatin; CC-1065 (including its adozelesin, carzelesin and bizelesin synthetic analogs); cryptophycins (particularly cryptophycin 1 and cryptophycin 8); dolastatin; duocarmycin (including the synthetic analogs, KW-2189 and CB1-TM1); eleutherobin; pancratistatin; a sarcodictyin; spongistatin; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, chlorophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, trofosfamide, uracil mustard; nitrosoureas such as carmustine, chlorozotocin, fotemustine, lomustine, nimustine, and ranimnustine; antibiotics such as the enediyne antibiotics (e.g. calicheamicin, calicheamicin gamma1I, calicheamicin omegaI1 (Angew Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl. (1994) 33:183-186); dynemicin, dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, authramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxydoxorubicin), epirubicin, esorubicin, idarubicin, nemorubicin, marcellomycin, mitomycins such as mitomycin C, mycophenolic acid, nogalamycin, olivomycins, peplomycin, porfiromycin, puromycin, quelamycin, rodorubicin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, tubercidin, ubenimex, zinostatin, zorubicin; anti-metabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU); folic acid analogs such as denopterin, methotrexate, pteropterin, trimetrexate; purine analogs such as fludarabine, 6-mercaptopurine, thiamiprine, thioguanine; pyrimidine analogs such as ancitabine, azacitidine, 6-azauridine, carmofur, cytarabine, dideoxyuridine, doxifluridine, enocitabine, floxuridine; androgens such as calusterone, dromostanolone propionate, epitiostanol, mepitiostane, testolactone; anti-adrenals such as aminoglutethimide, mitotane, trilostane; folic acid replenisher such as frolinic acid; aceglatone; aldophosphamide glycoside; aminolevulinic acid; eniluracil; amsacrine; bestrabucil; bisantrene; edatraxate; defofamine; demecolcine; diaziquone; elfornithine; elliptinium acetate; an epothilone; etoglucid; gallium nitrate; hydroxyurea; lentinan; lonidainine; maytansinoids such as maytansine and ansamitocins; mitoguazone; mitoxantrone; mopidanmol; nitraerine; pentostatin; phenamet; pirarubicin; losoxantrone; podophyllinic acid; 2-ethylhydrazide; procarbazine; PSK® polysaccharide complex (JHS Natural Products, Eugene, Oreg.); razoxane; rhizoxin; sizofiran; spirogermanium; tenuazonic acid; triaziquone; 2,2′,2″-trichlorotriethylamine; trichothecenes (especially T-2 toxin, verracurin A, roridin A and anguidine); urethan; vindesine; dacarbazine; mannomustine; mitobronitol; mitolactol; pipobroman; gacytosine; arabinoside (“Ara-C”); cyclophosphamide; thiotepa; 6-thioguanine; mercaptopurine; methotrexate; platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine (NAVELBINE®); novantrone; teniposide; edatrexate; daunomycin; aminopterin; capecitabine (XELODA®, Roche); ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylornithine (DMFO); retinoids such as retinoic acid; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids and derivatives of any of the above.

Also included in the definition of “chemotherapeutic agent” are: (i) anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors such as anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), including, for example, tamoxifen (including NOLVADEX®; tamoxifen citrate), raloxifene, droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and FARESTON® (toremifine citrate); (ii) aromatase inhibitors that inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which regulates estrogen production in the adrenal glands, such as, for example, 4(5)-imidazoles, aminoglutethimide, MEGASE® (megestrol acetate), AROMASIN® (exemestane; Pfizer), formestanie, fadrozole, RIVISOR® (vorozole), FEMARA® (letrozole; Novartis), and ARIMIDEX® (anastrozole; AstraZeneca); (iii) anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; as well as troxacitabine (a 1,3-dioxolane nucleoside cytosine analog); (iv) protein kinase inhibitors such as MEK inhibitors (WO 2007/044515); (v) lipid kinase inhibitors; (vi) antisense oligonucleotides, particularly those which inhibit expression of genes in signaling pathways implicated in aberrant cell proliferation, for example, PKC-alpha, Raf and H-Ras, such as oblimersen (GENASENSE®, Genta Inc.); (vii) ribozymes such as VEGF expression inhibitors (e.g., ANGIOZYME®) and HER2 expression inhibitors; (viii) vaccines such as gene therapy vaccines, for example, ALLOVECTIN®, LEUVECTIN®, and VAXID®; PROLEUKIN® rlL-2; topoisomerase 1 inhibitors such as LURTOTECAN®; ABARELIX® rmRH; (ix) anti-angiogenic agents such as bevacizumab (AVASTIN®, Genentech); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids and derivatives of any of the above.

Also included in the definition of “chemotherapeutic agent” are therapeutic antibodies such as alemtuzumab (Campath), bevacizumab (AVASTIN®, Genentech); cetuximab (ERBITUX®, Imclone); panitumumab (VECTIBIX®, Amgen), rituximab (RITUXAN®, Genentech/Biogen Idec), ofatumumab (ARZERRA®, GSK), pertuzumab (PERJETA™ OMNITARG™, 2C4, Genentech), trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN®, Genentech), tositumomab (Bexxar, Corixia), and the antibody drug conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin (MYLOTARG®, Wyeth).

Humanized monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic potential as chemotherapeutic agents in combination with the conjugates of the invention include: alemtuzumab, apolizumab, aselizumab, atlizumab, bapineuzumab, bevacizumab, bivatuzumab mertansine, cantuzumab mertansine, cedelizumab, certolizumab pegol, cidfusituzumab, cidtuzumab, daclizumab, eculizumab, efalizumab, epratuzumab, erlizumab, felvizumab, fontolizumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, inotuzumab ozogamicin, ipilimumab, labetuzumab, lintuzumab, matuzumab, mepolizumab, motavizumab, motovizumab, natalizumab, nimotuzumab, nolovizumab, numavizumab, ocrelizumab, omalizumab, palivizumab, pascolizumab, pecfusituzumab, pectuzumab, pertuzumab, pexelizumab, ralivizumab, ranibizumab, reslivizumab, reslizumab, resyvizumab, rovelizumab, ruplizumab, sibrotuzumab, siplizumab, sontuzumab, tacatuzumab tetraxetan, tadocizumab, talizumab, tefibazumab, tocilizumab, toralizumab, trastuzumab, tucotuzumab celmoleukin, tucusituzumab, umavizumab, urtoxazumab, and visilizumab.

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention, and for use in accordance with the present invention, may comprise, in addition to the active ingredient, i.e. a conjugate compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, buffer, stabiliser or other materials well known to those skilled in the art. Such materials should be non-toxic and should not interfere with the efficacy of the active ingredient. The precise nature of the carrier or other material will depend on the route of administration, which may be oral, or by injection, e.g. cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intravenous.

Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form. A tablet may comprise a solid carrier or an adjuvant. Liquid pharmaceutical compositions generally comprise a liquid carrier such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included. A capsule may comprise a solid carrier such a gelatin.

For intravenous, cutaneous or subcutaneous injection, or injection at the site of affliction, the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability. Those of relevant skill in the art are well able to prepare suitable solutions using, for example, isotonic vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection. Preservatives, stabilisers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as required.

Formulations

While it is possible for the conjugate compound to be used (e.g., administered) alone, it is often preferable to present it as a composition or formulation.

In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition (e.g., formulation, preparation, medicament) comprising a conjugate compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient.

In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one conjugate compound, as described herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients, adjuvants, fillers, buffers, preservatives, anti-oxidants, lubricants, stabilisers, solubilisers, surfactants (e.g., wetting agents), masking agents, colouring agents, flavouring agents, and sweetening agents.

In one embodiment, the composition further comprises other active agents, for example, other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.

Suitable carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts. See, for example, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Additives, 2nd Edition (eds. M. Ash and I. Ash), 2001 (Synapse Information Resources, Inc., Endicott, N.Y., USA), Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20th edition, pub. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000; and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd edition, 1994.

Another aspect of the present invention pertains to methods of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one [¹¹C]-radiolabelled conjugate or conjugate-like compound, as defined herein, together with one or more other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients well known to those skilled in the art, e.g., carriers, diluents, excipients, etc. If formulated as discrete units (e.g., tablets, etc.), each unit contains a predetermined amount (dosage) of the active compound.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, pertains to compounds, ingredients, materials, compositions, dosage forms, etc., which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of the subject in question (e.g., human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Each carrier, diluent, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.

The formulations may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active compound with carriers (e.g., liquid carriers, finely divided solid carrier, etc.), and then shaping the product, if necessary.

The formulation may be prepared to provide for rapid or slow release; immediate, delayed, timed, or sustained release; or a combination thereof.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration (e.g., by injection), include aqueous or non-aqueous, isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile liquids (e.g., solutions, suspensions), in which the active ingredient is dissolved, suspended, or otherwise provided (e.g., in a liposome or other microparticulate). Such liquids may additional contain other pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, such as anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, suspending agents, thickening agents, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood (or other relevant bodily fluid) of the intended recipient. Examples of excipients include, for example, water, alcohols, polyols, glycerol, vegetable oils, and the like. Examples of suitable isotonic carriers for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection. Typically, the concentration of the active ingredient in the liquid is from about 1 ng/ml to about 10 μg/ml, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 μg/ml. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.

Dosage

It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that appropriate dosages of the conjugate compound, and compositions comprising the conjugate compound, can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects. The selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient. The amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.

Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician, veterinarian, or clinician.

In general, a suitable dose of the active compound is in the range of about 100 ng to about 25 mg (more typically about 1 μg to about 10 mg) per kilogram body weight of the subject per day. Where the active compound is a salt, an ester, an amide, a prodrug, or the like, the amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used is increased proportionately.

In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 mg, 3 times daily.

In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 150 mg, 2 times daily.

In one embodiment, the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 200 mg, 2 times daily.

However in one embodiment, the conjugate compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4 times daily.

In one embodiment, the conjugate compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily.

The dosage amounts described above may apply to the conjugate (including the PBD moiety and the linker to the antibody) or to the effective amount of PBD compound provided, for example the amount of compound that is releasable after cleavage of the linker.

For the prevention or treatment of disease, the appropriate dosage of an ADC of the invention will depend on the type of disease to be treated, as defined above, the severity and course of the disease, whether the molecule is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the antibody, and the discretion of the attending physician. The molecule is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments. Depending on the type and severity of the disease, about 1 μg/kg to 15 mg/kg (e.g. 0.1-20 mg/kg) of molecule is an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion. A typical daily dosage might range from about 1 μg/kg to 100 mg/kg or more, depending on the factors mentioned above. An exemplary dosage of ADC to be administered to a patient is in the range of about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg of patient weight. For repeated administrations over several days or longer, depending on the condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression of disease symptoms occurs. An exemplary dosing regimen comprises a course of administering an initial loading dose of about 4 mg/kg, followed by additional doses every week, two weeks, or three weeks of an ADC. Other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays.

Treatment

The term “treatment,” as used herein in the context of treating a condition, pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, regression of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition. Treatment as a prophylactic measure (i.e., prophylaxis, prevention) is also included.

The term “therapeutically-effective amount,” as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.

Similarly, the term “prophylactically-effective amount,” as used herein, pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired prophylactic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.

Preparation of Drug Conjugates

Antibody drug conjugates, as well as conjugates with other cell binding agents, may be prepared by several routes, employing organic chemistry reactions, conditions, and reagents known to those skilled in the art, including reaction of a nucleophilic group of an antibody or cell binding agent with a drug-linker reagent. This method may be employed with a variety of antibodies and cell binding agents to prepare the antibody-drug conjugates of the invention.

Nucleophilic groups on antibodies include, but are not limited to side chain thiol groups, e.g. cysteine. Thiol groups are nucleophilic and capable of reacting to form covalent bonds with electrophilic groups on linker moieties such as those of the present invention. Certain antibodies have reducible interchain disulfides, i.e. cysteine bridges. Antibodies may be made reactive for conjugation with linker reagents by treatment with a reducing agent such as DTT (Cleland's reagent, dithiothreitol) or TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride; Getz et al (1999) Anal. Biochem. Vol 273:73-80; Soltec Ventures, Beverly, Mass.). Each cysteine disulfide bridge will thus form, theoretically, two reactive thiol nucleophiles. Additional nucleophilic groups can be introduced into antibodies through the reaction of lysines with 2-iminothiolane (Traut's reagent) resulting in conversion of an amine into a thiol.

The Subject/Patient

The subject/patient may be an animal, mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a monotreme (e.g., duckbilled platypus), a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g., gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutang, gibbon), or a human.

Furthermore, the subject/patient may be any of its forms of development, for example, a foetus. In one preferred embodiment, the subject/patient is a human.

In one embodiment, the patient is a population where each patient has a tumour having α_(v)β₆ integrin on the surface of the cell.

EXAMPLES

General Experimental Methods for Examples 1 and 2

Optical rotations were measured on an ADP 220 polarimeter (Bellingham Stanley Ltd.) and concentrations (c) are given in g/100 mL. Melting points were measured using a digital melting point apparatus (Electrothermal). IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 1000 FT IR Spectrometer. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were acquired at 300 K using a Bruker Avance NMR spectrometer at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively. Chemical shifts are reported relative to TMS (δ=0.0 ppm), and signals are designated as s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), dt (double triplet), dd (doublet of doublets), ddd (double doublet of doublets) or m (multiplet), with coupling constants given in Hertz (Hz). Mass spectroscopy (MS) data were collected using a Waters Micromass ZQ instrument coupled to a Waters 2695 HPLC with a Waters 2996 PDA. Waters Micromass ZQ parameters used were: Capillary (kV), 3.38; Cone (V), 35; Extractor (V), 3.0; Source temperature (° C.), 100; Desolvation Temperature (° C.), 200; Cone flow rate (L/h), 50; De-solvation flow rate (L/h), 250. High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) data were recorded on a Waters Micromass QTOF Global in positive W-mode using metal-coated borosilicate glass tips to introduce the samples into the instrument. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was performed on silica gel aluminium plates (Merck 60, F₂₅₄), and flash chromatography utilised silica gel (Merck 60, 230-400 mesh ASTM). Except for the HOBt (NovaBiochem) and solid-supported reagents (Argonaut), all other chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were used as supplied without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were prepared by distillation under a dry nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of an appropriate drying agent, and were stored over 4 Å molecular sieves or sodium wire. Petroleum ether refers to the fraction boiling at 40-60° C.

General LC/MS conditions: The HPLC (Waters Alliance 2695) was run using a mobile phase of water (A) (formic acid 0.1%) and acetonitrile (B) (formic acid 0.1%). Gradient: initial composition 5% B over 1.0 min then 5% B to 95% B over 2.5 min. The composition was held for 0.5 min at 95% B, and then returned to 5% B in 0.1 minutes and held there for 0.9 min. Total gradient run time equals 5 min. Flow rate 3.0 mL/min, 400 μL was split via a zero dead volume tee piece which passes into the mass spectrometer. Wavelength detection range: 220 to 400 nm. Function type: diode array (535 scans). Column: Phenomenex® Onyx Monolithic C18 50×4.60 mm

Example 1 (i) (S)-(2-amino-5-methoxy-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl)(2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methanone (9)

(a) 5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)benzaldehyde (2)

Neat triisopropylsilylchloride (56.4 mL, 262 mmol) was added to a mixture of imidazole (48.7 g, 715.23 mmol) and 4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde 1 (47 g, 238 mmol) (ground together). The mixture was heated until the phenol and imidazole melted and went into solution (100° C.). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 15 minutes and was then allowed to cool, whereupon a solid was observed to form at the bottom of the flask (imidazole chloride). The reaction mixture was diluted with 5% EtOAc/hexanes and loaded directly onto silica gel and the pad was eluted with 5% EtOAc/hexanes, followed by 10% EtOAc/hexanes (due to the low excess, very little unreacted TIPSCI was found in the product). The desired product was eluted with 5% ethyl acetate in hexane. Excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure, followed by drying under high vacuum to afford a crystalline light sensitive solid (74.4 g, 88%). Purity satisfactory by LC/MS (4.22 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 353.88 ([M+H]⁺, 100)); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.43 (s, 1H), 7.60 (s, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 1.35-1.24 (m, 3H), 1.10 (m, 18H).

(b) 5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)benzoic acid (3)

A solution of sodium chlorite (47.3 g, 523 mmol, 80% technical grade) and sodium dihydrogenphosphate monobasic (35.2 g, 293 mmol) (NaH₂PO₄) in water (800 mL) was added to a solution of compound 2 (74 g, 209 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (500 mL) at room temperature. Hydrogen peroxide (60% w/w, 140 mL, 2.93 mol) was immediately added to the vigorously stirred biphasic mixture. The reaction mixture evolved gas (oxygen), the starting material dissolved and the temperature of the reaction mixture rose to 45° C. After 30 minutes LC/MS revealed that the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath and hydrochloric acid (1 M) was added to lower the pH to 3 (this step was found unnecessary in many instances, as the pH at the end of the reaction is already acidic; please check the pH before extraction). The reaction mixture was then extracted with ethyl acetate (1 L) and the organic phases washed with brine (2×100 mL) and dried over magnesium sulphate. The organic phase was filtered and excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the product 3 in quantitative yield as a yellow solid. LC/MS (3.93 min (ES−) m/z (relative intensity) 367.74 ([M−H]⁻, 100)); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 1.34-1.22 (m, 3H), 1.10 (m, 18H).

(c) ((2S,4R)-2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl)methanone (5)

DCC (29.2 g, 141 mmol, 1.2 eq) was added to a solution of acid 3 (43.5 g, 117.8 mmol, 1 eq), and hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (19.8 g, 129.6 mmol, 1.1 eq) in dichloromethane (200 mL) at 0° C. The cold bath was removed and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 30 mins at room temperature, at which time a solution of (2S,4R)-2-t-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-4-hydroxypyrrolidine 4 (30 g, 129.6 mmol, 1.1 eq) and triethylamine (24.66 mL, 176 mmol, 1.5 eq) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was added rapidly at −10° C. under argon (on large scale, the addition time could be shortened by cooling the reaction mixture even further. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 40 minutes to 1 hour and monitored by LC/MS and TLC (EtOAc). The solids were removed by filtration over celite and the organic phase was washed with cold aqueous 0.1 M HCl until the pH was measured at 4 or 5. The organic phase was then washed with water, followed by saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel; gradient 40/60 ethyl acetate/hexane to 80/20 ethyl acetate/hexane). Excess solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure afforded the pure product 5, (45.5 g of pure product 66%, and 17 g of slightly impure product, 90% in total). LC/MS 4.43 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 582.92 ([M+H]^(+.), 100); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.66 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 4.54 (s, 1H), 4.40 (s, 1H), 4.13 (s, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.77 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (dd, J=11.3, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.14-3.02 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.10 (ddd, J=13.3, 8.4, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 1.36-1.19 (m, 3H), 1.15-1.05 (m, 18H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.17-0.05 (m, 6H), (presence of rotamers).

(d) (S)-5-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)benzoyl)pyrrolidin-3-one (6)

TCCA (8.82 g, 40 mmol, 0.7 eq) was added to a stirred solution of 5 (31.7 g, 54 mmol, 1 eq) and TEMPO (0.85 g, 5.4 mmol, 0.1 eq) in dry dichloromethane (250 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was vigorously stirred for 20 minutes, at which point TLC (50/50 ethyl acetate/hexane) revealed complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the filtrate washed with aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), sodium thiosulphate (9 g in 300 mL), brine (100 mL) and dried over magnesium sulphate. Rotary evaporation under reduced pressure afforded product 6 in quantitative yield. LC/MS 4.52 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 581.08 ([M+H]^(+.), 100); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.78-7.60 (m, 1H), 6.85-6.62 (m, 1H), 4.94 (dd, J=30.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.50-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.99-3.82 (m, 3H), 3.80-3.34 (m, 3H), 2.92-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.18 (m, 3H), 1.11 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 18H), 0.97-0.75 (m, 9H), 0.15-−0.06 (m, 6H), (presence of rotamers).

(e) (S)-5-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)benzoyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (7)

Triflic anhydride (27.7 mL, 46.4 g, 165 mmol, 3 eq) was injected (temperature controlled) to a vigorously stirred suspension of ketone 6 (31.9 g, 55 mmol, 1 eq) in dry dichloromethane (900 mL) in the presence of 2,6-lutidine (25.6 mL, 23.5 g, 220 mmol, 4 eq, dried over sieves) at −50° C. (acetone/dry ice bath). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 1.5 hours when LC/MS, following a mini work-up (water/dichloromethane), revealed the reaction to be complete. Water was added to the still cold reaction mixture and the organic layer was separated and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, brine and magnesium sulphate. The organic phase was filtered and excess solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel; 10/90 v/v ethyl acetate/hexane), removal of excess eluent afforded the product 7 (37.6 g, 96%) LC/MS, method 2, 4.32 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 712.89 ([M+H]^(+.), 100); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.71 (s, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.05 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (dd, J=9.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 4.15-3.75 (m, 5H), 3.17 (ddd, J=16.2, 10.4, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (ddd, J=16.3, 4.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.45-1.19 (m, 3H), 1.15-1.08 (m, 18H), 1.05 (s, 6H), 0.95-0.87 (m, 9H), 0.15-0.08 (m, 6H).

(f) (S)-(2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) (5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl)methanone (8)

Triphenylarsine (1.71 g, 5.60 mmol, 0.4 eq) was added to a mixture of triflate 7 (10.00 g, 14 mmol, 1 eq), methylboronic acid (2.94 g, 49.1 mmol, 3.5 eq), silver oxide (13 g, 56 mmol, 4 eq) and potassium phosphate tribasic (17.8 g, 84 mmol, 6 eq) in dry dioxane (80 mL) under an argon atmosphere. The reaction was flushed with argon 3 times and bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) chloride (540 mg, 1.40 mmol, 0.1 eq) was added. The reaction was flushed with argon 3 more times before being warmed instantaneously to 110° C. (the drysyn heating block was previously warmed to 110° C. prior addition of the flask). After 10 mins the reaction was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad celite. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel; 10% ethyl acetate/hexane). Pure fractions were collected and combined, and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure afforded the product 8 (4.5 g, 55%). LC/MS, 4.27 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 579.18 ([M+H]^(+.), 100); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.70 (s, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 5.51 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.77-4.59 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.92-2.65 (m, 1H), 2.55 (d, J=14.8 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 3H), 1.40-1.18 (m, 3H), 1.11 (s, 9H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.11 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 6H).

(g) (S)-(2-amino-5-methoxy-4-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl) (2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methanone (9)

Zinc powder (28 g, 430 mmol, 37 eq) was added to a solution of compound 8 (6.7 g, 11.58 mmol) in 5% formic acid in ethanol v/v (70 mL) at around 15° C. The resulting exotherm was controlled using an ice bath to maintain the temperature of the reaction mixture below 30° C. After 30 minutes the reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite. The filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase was washed with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; 10% ethyl acetate in hexane). The pure fractions were collected and combined and excess solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the product 9 (5.1 g, 80%). LC/MS, 4.23 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 550.21 ([M+H]^(+.), 100); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.28 (s, 1H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 4.64-4.53 (m, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 1H), 3.77-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.97 (m, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 1.62 (s, 3H), 1.26-1.13 (m, 3H), 1.08-0.99 (m, 18H), 0.82 (s, 9H), 0.03-−0.03 (m, J=6.2 Hz, 6H).

(ii) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-8-((5-iodopentyl)oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate

(a) (S)-allyl (2-(2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl)carbamate (10)

Allyl chloroformate (0.30 mL, 3.00 mmol, 1.1 eq) was added to a solution of amine 9 (1.5 g, 2.73 mmol) in the presence of dry pyridine (0.48 mL, 6.00 mmol, 2.2 eq) in dry dichloromethane (20 mL) at −78° C. (acetone/dry ice bath). After 30 minutes, the bath was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and saturated aqueous copper sulphate was added. The organic layer was then washed sequentially with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess solvent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the product 10 which was used directly in the next reaction. LC/MS, 4.45 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 632.91 ([M+H]^(+.), 100)

(b) (S)-allyl (2-(2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl) carbamate (11)

The crude 10 was dissolved in a 7:1:1:2 mixture of acetic acid/methanol/tetrahydrofuran/water (28:4:4:8 mL) and allowed to stir at room temperature. After 3 hours, complete disappearance of starting material was observed by LC/MS. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed sequentially with water (2×500 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (200 mL) and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and excess ethyl acetate removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel, 25% ethyl acetate in hexane). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the desired product 11 (1 g, 71%). LC/MS, 3.70 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 519.13 ([M+H]^(+.), 95); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 5.95 (ddt, J=17.2, 10.5, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (dq, J=17.2, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (ddd, J=10.4, 2.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (tt, J=7.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (dt, J=5.7, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 4.54 (s, 1H), 3.89-3.70 (m, 5H), 2.87 (dd, J=16.5, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (dd, J=16.8, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 3H), 1.38-1.23 (m, 3H), 1.12 (s, 10H), 1.10 (s, 8H).

(c) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-8-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (12)

Dimethyl sulphoxide (0.35 mL, 4.83 mmol, 2.5 eq) was added dropwise to a solution of oxalyl chloride (0.2 mL, 2.32 mmol, 1.2 eq) in dry dichloromethane (10 mL) at −78° C. (dry ice/acetone bath) under an atmosphere of argon. After 10 minutes a solution of 11 (1 g, 1.93 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (8 mL) was added slowly with the temperature still at −78° C. After 15 min triethylamine (1.35 mL, dried over 4 Å molecular sieves, 9.65 mmol, 5 eq) was added dropwise and the dry ice/acetone bath was removed. The reaction mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and was extracted with cold hydrochloric acid (0.1 M), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess dichloromethane was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford product 12 (658 mg, 66%). LC/MS, 3.52 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 517.14 ([M+H]^(+.), 100); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.75-6.63 (m, J=8.8, 4.0 Hz, 2H), 5.89-5.64 (m, J=9.6, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 5.23-5.03 (m, 2H), 4.68-4.38 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.83-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.40 (s, 1H), 3.05-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.59 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 1.78 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 3H), 1.33-1.16 (m, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 9H), 1.07 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 9H).

(d) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-8-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (13)

Tert-butyldimethylsilyltriflate (0.70 mL, 3.00 mmol, 3 eq) was added to a solution of compound 12 (520 mg, 1.00 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.46 mL, 4.00 mmol, 4 eq) in dry dichloromethane (40 mL) at 0° C. under argon. After 10 min, the cold bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was extracted with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; gradient, 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to 20% ethyl acetate in hexane). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give the product 13 (540 mg, 85%). LC/MS, 4.42 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 653.14 ([M+Na]^(+.), 100); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.20 (s, 1H), 6.71-6.64 (m, J=5.5 Hz, 2H), 5.83 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.80-5.68 (m, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.14-5.06 (m, 2H), 4.58 (dd, J=13.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J=13.3, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.71 (td, J=10.1, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (dd, J=16.9, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.36 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 1.75 (s, 3H), 1.31-1.16 (m, 3H), 1.12-1.01 (m, J=7.4, 2.1 Hz, 18H), 0.89-0.81 (m, 9H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.19 (s, 3H).

(e) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (14)

Lithium acetate (87 mg, 0.85 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 13 (540 mg, 0.85 mmol) in wet dimethylformamide (6 mL, 50:1 DMF/water). After 4 hours, the reaction was complete and the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL) and washed with aqueous citric acid solution (pH 3), water and brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and excess ethyl acetate was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; gradient, 25% to 75% ethyl acetate in hexane). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give the product 14 (400 mg, quantitative). LC/MS, (3.33 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 475.26 ([M+H]⁺, 100).

(f) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-8-((5-iodopentyl)oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (15)

Diiodopentane (0.63 mL, 4.21 mmol, 5 eq) and potassium carbonate (116 mg, 0.84 mmol, 1 eq) were added to a solution of phenol 14 (400 mg, 0.84 mmol) in acetone (4 mL, dried over molecular sieves). The reaction mixture was then warmed to 60° C. and stirred for 6 hours. Acetone was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; 50/50, v/v, hexane/ethyl acetate,). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed to provide 15 in 90% yield. LC/MS, 3.90 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 670.91 ([M]⁺, 100). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.23 (s, 1H), 6.69 (s, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 5.87 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.83-5.68 (m, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 5.15-5.01 (m, 2H), 4.67-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.45-4.35 (m, 1H), 4.04-3.93 (m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.73 (td, J=10.0, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 3.25-3.14 (m, J=8.5, 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.92 (dd, J=16.8, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (d, J=16.8 Hz, 1H), 1.95-1.81 (m, 4H), 1.77 (s, 3H), 1.64-1.49 (m, 2H), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.23 (s, 3H).

(iii) (11S,11aS)-4-(2-(1-((1-(allyloxy)-4-methyl-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)hydrazinyl)benzyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (20)

(a) Allyl 3-(2-(2-(4-((((2-((S)-2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl) carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)hydrazinyl)propanamido)-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (16)

Triethylamine (2.23 mL, 18.04 mmol, 2.2 eq) was added to a stirred solution of the amine 9 (4 g, 8.20 mmol) and triphosgene (778 mg, 2.95 mmol, 0.36 eq) in dry tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) at 5° C. (ice bath). The progress of the isocyanate reaction was monitored by periodically removing aliquots from the reaction mixture and quenching with methanol and performing LC/MS analysis. Once the isocyanate formation was complete a solution of the alloc-Val-Ala-PABOH (4.12 g, 12.30 mmol, 1.5 eq) and triethylamine (1.52 mL, 12.30 mmol, 1.5 eq) in dry tetrahydrofuran (40 mL) was rapidly added by injection to the freshly prepared isocyanate. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 40° C. for 4 hours. Excess solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; gradient, 1% methanol to 5% methanol in dichloromethane). (Alternative chromatography conditions using EtOAc and Hexane have also been successful). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give the product 16 (3.9 g, 50%). LC/MS, 4.23 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 952.36 ([M+H]^(+.), 100); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.62 (br s, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.77 (br s, 1H), 7.53 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.57 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 6.03-5.83 (m, 1H), 5.26 (dd, J=33.8, 13.5 Hz, 3H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.70-4.60 (m, 2H), 4.58 (dd, J=5.7, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 4.06-3.99 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 1H), 3.82-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.79-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.54 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (dq, J=13.5, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (s, 3H), 1.46 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.35-1.24 (m, 3H), 1.12 (s, 9H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.97 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.94 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.07-−0.02 (m, 6H).

(b) Allyl 3-(2-(2-(4-((((2-((S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)hydrazinyl)propanamido)-4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate (17)

The TBS ether 16 (1.32 g, 1.38 mmol) was dissolved in a 7:1:1:2 mixture of acetic acid/methanol/tetrahydrofuran/water (14:2:2:4 mL) and allowed to stir at room temperature. After 3 hours no more starting material was observed by LC/MS. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (25 mL) and washed sequentially with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and excess ethyl acetate removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel, 2% methanol in dichloromethane). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to afford the desired product 17 (920 mg, 80%). LC/MS, 3.60 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 838.18 ([M+H]^(+.), 100). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.52 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.13 (s, 1H), 5.97-5.82 (m, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 5.41-5.15 (m, 3H), 5.10 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 2H), 4.76-4.42 (m, 5H), 4.03 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 5H), 2.84 (dd, J=16.7, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.68 (s, 3H), 1.44 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.30 (dt, J=14.7, 7.4 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (s, 9H), 1.10 (s, 9H), 0.96 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

(c) (11S,11aS)-4-(2-(1-((1-(allyloxy)-4-methyl-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)hydrazinyl)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-8-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (18)

Dimethyl sulphoxide (0.2 mL, 2.75 mmol, 2.5 eq) was added dropwise to a solution of oxalyl chloride (0.11 mL, 1.32 mmol, 1.2 eq) in dry dichloromethane (7 mL) at −78° C. (dry ice/acetone bath) under an atmosphere of argon. After 10 minutes a solution of 17 (920 mg, 1.10 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (5 mL) was added slowly with the temperature still at −78° C. After 15 min triethylamine (0.77 mL, dried over 4 Å molecular sieves, 5.50 mmol, 5 eq) was added dropwise and the dry ice/acetone bath was removed. The reaction mixture was allowed to reach room temperature and was extracted with cold hydrochloric acid (0.1 M), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess dichloromethane was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel; gradient 2% methanol to 5% methanol in dichloromethane). Pure fractions were collected and combined and removal of excess eluent by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure afforded the product 18 (550 mg, 60%). LC/MS, 3.43 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 836.01 ([M]^(+.), 100). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.21-7.08 (m, J=11.5 Hz, 2H), 6.67 (s, 1H), 6.60-6.47 (m, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.97-5.83 (m, 1H), 5.79-5.66 (m, 1H), 5.38-4.90 (m, 6H), 4.68-4.52 (m, J=18.4, 5.5 Hz, 4H), 4.04-3.94 (m, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.76 (m, 5H), 3.00-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.21-2.08 (m, 2H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.45 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.09-0.98 (m, J=8.9 Hz, 18H), 0.96 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H).

(d) (11S,11aS)-4-(2-(1-((1-(Allyloxy)-4-methyl-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)hydrazinyl)benzyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-8-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (19)

Tert-butyldimethylsilyltriflate (0.38 mL, 1.62 mmol, 3 eq) was added to a solution of compound 18 (450 mg, 0.54 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (0.25 mL, 2.16 mmol, 4 eq) in dry dichloromethane (5 mL) at 0° C. under argon. After 10 min, the cold bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was extracted with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and excess solvent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel; 50/50 v/v hexane/ethyl acetate). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give the product 19 (334 mg, 65%). LC/MS, 4.18 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 950.50 ([M]^(+.), 100). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.72-6.61 (m, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 5.97-5.79 (m, J=24.4, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.41-5.08 (m, 5H), 4.86 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.03 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.74 (td, J=9.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.09 (m, J=34.8, 19.4, 11.7 Hz, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.43 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.30-1.21 (m, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.23 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H).

(e) (11S,11aS)-4-(2-(1-((1-(Allyloxy)-4-methyl-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)hydrazinyl)benzyl 11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (20)

Lithium acetate (50 mg, 0.49 mmol) was added to a solution of compound 19 (470 mg, 0.49 mmol) in wet dimethylformamide (4 mL, 50:1 DMF/water). After 4 hours, the reaction was complete and the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with citric acid (pH ˜3), water and brine. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and excess ethyl acetate was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to column flash chromatography (silica gel; gradient, 50/50 to 25/75 v/v hexane/ethyl acetate). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give the product 20 (400 mg, quantitative). LC/MS, 3.32 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 794.18 ([M+H]^(+.), 100). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.72-6.61 (m, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 5.97-5.79 (m, J=24.4, 7.5 Hz, 2H), 5.41-5.08 (m, 5H), 4.86 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 4.69-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.57 (s, 1H), 4.03 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.74 (td, J=9.6, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 2.43-2.09 (m, J=34.8, 19.4, 11.7 Hz, 3H), 1.76 (s, 3H), 1.43 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.30-1.21 (m, 3H), 0.97 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.92 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (s, 9H), 0.23 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H).

(iv) (11S,11aS)-4-((2S,5S)-37-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-5-isopropyl-2-methyl-4,7,35-trioxo-10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-octaoxa-3,6,34-triazaheptatriacontanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-((5-(((S)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)pentyl)oxy)-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (24)

(a) (11S)-allyl 8-((5-(((11S)-10-(((4-(2-(1-((1-(allyloxy)-4-methyl-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)hydrazinyl)benzyl)oxy)carbonyl)-11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)pentyl)oxy)-11-((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (21)

Potassium carbonate (70 mg, 0.504 mmol, 1 eq) was added to a solution of 15 (370 mg, 0.552 mmol, 1.2 eq) and phenol 20 (400 mg, 0.504 mmol) in dry acetone (25 mL). The reaction was stirred 8 hours at 70° C. The LC/MS showed that all the starting material was not consumed, so the reaction was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature and stirred for an additional 2 hours the next day. Acetone was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; 80% ethyl acetate in hexane to 100% ethyl acetate). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give the product 21 (385 mg, 57%). LC/MS, 4.07 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 1336.55 ([M+H]^(+.), 50).

(b) (11S)-allyl 8-((5-(((11S)-10-(((4-(2-(1-((1-(allyloxy)-4-methyl-1,2-dioxopentan-3-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)hydrazinyl)benzyl)oxy)carbonyl)-11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)pentyl)oxy)-11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (22)

Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (1M, 0.34 mL, 0.34 mmol, 2 eq) was added to a solution of 21 (230 mg, 0.172 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (3 mL). The starting material was totally consumed after 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL) and washed sequentially with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and excess ethyl acetate removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue 22 was used as a crude mixture for the next reaction. LC/MS, 2.87 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 1108.11 ([M+H]^(+.), 100).

(c) (11 S)-4-(2-(1-((1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)hydrazinyl)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-((5-((7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)pentyl)oxy)-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (23)

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (12 mg, 0.01 mmol, 0.06 eq) was added to a solution of crude 22 (0.172 mmol) and pyrrolidine (36 μL, 0.43 mmol, 2.5 eq) in dry dichloromethane (10 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred 20 minutes and diluted with dichloromethane and washed sequentially with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and excess dichloromethane removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue 23 was used as a crude mixture for the next reaction. LC/MS, 2.38 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 922.16 ([M+H]^(+.), 40).

(d) (11S,11aS)-4-((2S,5S)-37-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-5-isopropyl-2-methyl-4,7,35-trioxo-10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-octaoxa-3,6,34-triazaheptatriacontanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-((5-(((S)-7-methoxy-2-methyl-5-oxo-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy) pentyl)oxy)-2-methyl-5-oxo-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (24)

1-ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI, 33 mg, 0.172 mmol) was added to a solution of crude 23 (0.172 mmol) and Mal-(PEG)₈-acid (100 mg, 0.172 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (10 mL). The reaction was stirred for 2 hours and the presence of starting material was no longer observed by LC/MS. The reaction was diluted with dichloromethane and washed sequentially with water and brine. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulphate filtered and excess dichloromethane removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was subjected to flash column chromatography (silica gel; 100% chloroform to 10% methanol in chloroform). Pure fractions were collected and combined and excess eluent was removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give 24 (B) (60 mg, 25% over 3 steps).

Example 2

Compound 25 is compound 79 of WO 2011/130598

(11S)-4-(1-iodo-20-isopropyl-23-methyl-2,18,21-trioxo-6,9,12,15-tetraoxa-3,19,22-triazatetracosanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(3-((7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-en-1-yl)-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yl)oxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-en-1-yl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[I, 2-a][1,4]diazepine-10 (5H)-carboxylate (26)

N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC, 4.71 μL, 0.0304 mmol) was added to a solution of amine 25 (0.0276 mmol) and Iodo-(PEG)₄-acid (13.1 mg, 0.0304 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (0.8 mL). The reaction was stirred for 3 hours and the presence of starting material was no longer observed by LC/MS. The reaction mixture was directly loaded onto a thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate and purified by prep-TLC (10% methanol in chloroform). Pure bands were scraped off the TLC plate, taken up in 10% methanol in chloroform, filtered and excess eluent removed by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to give 26 (A) (20.9 mg, 56%). LC/MS, method 2, 3.08 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 1361.16 ([M+H]⁺, 100).

General Experimental Methods for Example 3

LCMS data were obtained using an Agilent 1200 series LC/MS with an Agilent 6110 quadrupole MS, with Electrospray ionisation. Mobile phase A—0.1% Acetic acid in water. Mobile Phase B—0.1% in acetonitrile. Flow rate of 1.00 ml/min. Gradient from 5% B rising up to 95% B over 3 minutes, remaining at 95% B for 1 minute and then back down to 5% B over 6 seconds. The total run time is 5 minutes. Column: Phenomenex Gemini-NX 3 μm C18, 30×2.00 mm. Chromatograms based on UV detection at 254 nm. Mass Spectra were achieved using the MS in positive mode. Proton NMR chemical shift values were measured on the delta scale at 400 MHz using a Bruker AV400. The following abbreviations have been used: s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; m, multiplet; br, broad. Coupling constants are reported in Hz. Unless otherwise stated, column chromatography (by the flash procedure) were performed on Merck Kieselgel silica (Art. 9385). Mass spectroscopy (MS) data were collected using a Waters Micromass LCT instrument coupled to a Waters 2795 HPLC separations module. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was performed on silica gel aluminium plates (Merck 60, F₂₅₄). All other chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or Fisher Scientific and were used as supplied without further purification.

Optical rotations were measured on an ADP 220 polarimeter (Bellingham Stanley Ltd.) and concentrations (c) are given in g/100 mL. Melting points were measured using a digital melting point apparatus (Electrothermal). IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 1000 FT IR Spectrometer. ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were acquired at 300 K using a Bruker Avance NMR spectrometer at 400 and 100 MHz, respectively. Chemical shifts are reported relative to TMS (δ=0.0 ppm), and signals are designated as s (singlet), d (doublet), t (triplet), dt (double triplet), dd (doublet of doublets), ddd (double doublet of doublets) or m (multiplet), with coupling constants given in Hertz (Hz). Mass spectroscopy (MS) data were collected using a Waters Micromass ZQ instrument coupled to a Waters 2695 HPLC with a Waters 2996 PDA. Waters Micromass ZQ parameters used were: Capillary (kV), 3.38; Cone (V), 35; Extractor (V), 3.0; Source temperature (° C.), 100; Desolvation Temperature (° C.), 200; Cone flow rate (L/h), 50; De-solvation flow rate (L/h), 250. High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) data were recorded on a Waters Micromass QTOF Global in positive W-mode using metal-coated borosilicate glass tips to introduce the samples into the instrument. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was performed on silica gel aluminium plates (Merck 60, F₂₅₄), and flash chromatography utilised silica gel (Merck 60, 230-400 mesh ASTM). Except for the HOBt (NovaBiochem) and solid-supported reagents (Argonaut), all other chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and were used as supplied without further purification. Anhydrous solvents were prepared by distillation under a dry nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of an appropriate drying agent, and were stored over 4 Å molecular sieves or sodium wire. Petroleum ether refers to the fraction boiling at 40-60° C.

General LC/MS conditions: The HPLC (Waters Alliance 2695) was run using a mobile phase of water (A) (formic acid 0.1%) and acetonitrile (B) (formic acid 0.1%). Gradient: initial composition 5% B over 1.0 min then 5% B to 95% B within 3 min. The composition was held for 0.5 min at 95% B, and then returned to 5% B in 0.3 minutes. Total gradient run time equals 5 min. Flow rate 3.0 mL/min, 400 μL was split via a zero dead volume tee piece which passes into the mass spectrometer. Wavelength detection range: 220 to 400 nm. Function type: diode array (535 scans). Column: Phenomenex® Onyx Monolithic C18 50×4.60 mm

Example 3

(i) Key Intermediates

(a)

(a-i) (S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid (I2)

Allyl chloroformate (36.2 ml, 340.59 mmol, 1.2 eq) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of L-valine (I1)(33.25 g, 283.82 mmol, 1.0 eq) and potassium carbonate (59.27 g, 425.74 mmol, 1.5 eq) in water (650 mL) and THF (650 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours, then the solvent was concentrated under reduced pressure and the remaining solution extracted with diethyl ether (3×100 mL). The aqueous portion was acidified to pH 2 with conc. HCl and extracted with DCM (3×100 mL). The combined organics were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the product as a colourless oil (57.1 g, assumed 100% yield). LC/MS (1.966 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 202.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.57 (br s, 1H), 7.43 (d, 1H, J=8.6 Hz), 5.96-5.86 (m, 1H), 5.30 (ddd, 1H, J=17.2, 3.4, 1.7 Hz), 5.18 (ddd, 1H, J=10.4, 2.9, 1.6 Hz), 4.48 (dt, 2H, J=5.3, 1.5 Hz), 3.85 (dd, 1H, J=8.6, 6.0 Hz), 2.03 (oct, 1H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.89 (d, 3H, J=6.4 Hz), 0.87 (d, 3H, J=6.5 Hz).

(a-ii) (S)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoate (I3)

To a stirred solution of the protected acid 12 (60.6 g, 301.16 mmol, 1.0 eq) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (34.66 g, 301.16 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry THF (800 mL) was added dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (62.14 g, 301.16 mmol, 1 eq). The reaction was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was then filtered, the solid washed with THF and the combined filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was re-dissolved in DCM and left to stand at 0° C. for 30 minutes. The suspension was filtered and washed with cold DCM. Concentration of the filtrate under reduced pressure afforded the product as a viscous colourless oil (84.7 g, assumed 100% yield) which was used in the next step without further purification. LC/MS (2.194 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 321.0 [M+Na]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.0 (d, 1H, J=8.3 Hz), 5.97-5.87 (m, 1H), 5.30 (ddd, 1H, J=17.2, 3.0, 1.7 Hz), 5.19 (ddd, 1H, J=10.4, 2.7, 1.4 Hz), 4.52 (dt, 2H, J=5.3, 1.4 Hz), 4.32 (dd, 1H, J=8.3, 6.6 Hz), 2.81 (m, 4H), 2.18 (oct, 1H, J=6.7 Hz), 1.00 (d, 6H, J=6.8 Hz),

(a-iii) (S)-2-((S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)propanoic acid (I4)

A solution of succinimide ester I3(12.99 g, 43.55 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (50 mL) was added to a solution of L-alanine (4.07 g, 45.73 mmol, 1.05 eq) and NaHCO₃ (4.02 g, 47.90 mmol, 1.1 eq) in THF (100 mL) and H₂O (100 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 hours when the THF was removed under reduced pressure. The pH was adjusted to 3-4 with citric acid to precipitate a white gum. After extraction with ethyl acetate (6×150 mL), the combined organics were washed with H₂O (200 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Trituration with diethyl ether afforded the product as a white powder which was collected by filtration and washed with diethyl ether (5.78 g, 49%). LC/MS (1.925 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 273.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.47 (br s, 1H), 8.17 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 7.16 (d, 1H, J=9.0 Hz), 5.95-5.85 (m, 1H), 5.29 (dd, 1H, J=17.2, 1.7 Hz), 5.17 (dd, 1H, J=10.4, 1.5 Hz), 4.46 (m, 2H), 4.18 (quin, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 3.87 (dd, 1H, J=9.0, 7.1 Hz), 1.95 (oct, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 1.26 (d, 3H, J=7.3 Hz), 0.88 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.83 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz).

(a-iv) Allyl (S)-1-((S)-1-(4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-ylcarbamate (I5)

EEDQ (5.51 g, 22.29 mmol, 1.05 eq) was added to a solution of p-aminobenzyl alcohol (2.74 g, 22.29 mmol, 1.05 eq) and acid 14 (5.78 g, 21.23 mmol, 1 eq) in dry THF (100 mL). and stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting brown solid was triturated with diethyl ether and filtered with subsequent washing with an excess of diethyl ether to afford the product as an off-white solid (7.1 g, 88%). LC/MS (1.980 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 378.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.89 (br s, 1H), 8.13 (d, 1H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.52 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.26 (m, 1H), 7.23 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 5.91 (m, 1H), 5.30 (m, 1H), 5.17 (m, 1H), 4.46 (m, 2H), 5.09 (t, 1H, J=5.6 Hz), 4.48 (m, 2H), 4.42 (m, 3H), 3.89 (dd, 1H, J=8.6, 6.8 Hz), 1.97 (m, 1H), 1.30 (d, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 0.88 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.83 (d, 3H, J=6.7 Hz).

(b)

1-iodo-2-oxo-6,9,12,15-tetraoxa-3-azaoctadecan-18-oic acid (I7)

A solution of iodoacetic anhydride (0.250 g, 0.706 mmol, 1.1 eq) in dry DCM (1 mL) was added to amino-PEG₍₄₎-acid 16 (0.170 g, 0.642 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (1 mL). The mixture was stirred in the dark at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was washed with 0.1 M HCl, water, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH and 0.1% formic acid in chloroform to 10% MeOH and 0.1% formic acid in chloroform) to afford the product as an orange oil (0.118 g, 42%). LC/MS (1.623 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 433.98 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.069 (s, 1H), 7.22 (br s, 1H), 3.79 (t, 2H, J=5.8 Hz), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.72-3.58 (m, 14H), 3.50-3.46 (m, 2H), 2.62 (t, 2H, J=5.8 Hz).

(ii) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-(3-iodopropoxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (34)

(a) (S)-5-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-1-(5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)benzoyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl trifluoromethanesulfonate (7)

Triflic anhydride (28.4 g, 100.0 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added dropwise, over 25 mins, to a vigorously stirred solution of the ketone 6 (19.5 g, 30.0 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (550 mL) containing 2,6-lutidine (14.4 g, 130.0 mmol, 4.0 eq) at −50° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours when LC/MS indicated complete reaction. The organic phase was washed successively with water (100 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (150 mL), brine (50 mL), and the organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 90/10 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc) to afford the product as a pale yellow oil (19.5 g, 82%). LC/MS (4.391 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 713.25 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.68 (s, 1H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.02 (t, 1H, J=1.9 Hz), 4.75 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.15 (ddd, 1H, J=16.2, 10.3, 2.3 Hz), 2.96 (ddd, 1H, J=16.2, 4.0, 1.6 Hz), 1.28-1.21 (m, 3H), 1.07 (d, 18H, J=7.2 Hz), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.09 (s, 3H), 0.08 (s, 3H).

(b) (S,E)-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-4-(prop-1-enyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl) (5-methoxy-2-nitro-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenyl)methanone (27)

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (0.41 g, 0.35 mmol, 0.03 eq) was added to a mixture of the triflate 7 (8.4 g, 11.8 mmol, 1.0 eq), E-1-propene-1-ylboronic acid (1.42 g, 16.5 mmol, 1.4 eq) and potassium phosphate (5.0 g, 23.6 mmol, 2.0 eq) in dry dioxane (60 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 120 mins when LC/MS indicated complete reaction. Ethyl acetate (120 mL) and water (120 mL) were added, the organic phase was removed, washed with brine (20 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 95/5 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc to 90/10 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc) to afford the product as a yellow foam (4.96 g, 70%). LC/MS (4.477 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 605.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.67 (s, 1H), 6.74 (s, 1H), 5.93 (d, 1H, J=15.4 Hz), 5.67 (s, 1H), 4.65 (m, 1H), 4.04 (m, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.85 (m, 1H), 2.71 (m, 1H), 1.72 (dd, 3H, J=6.8, 1.0 Hz), 1.30-1.22 (m, 3H), 1.07 (d, 18H, J=7.2 Hz), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H).

(c) (S,E)-(2-amino-5-methoxy-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenyl)(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-4-(prop-1-enyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)methanone (28)

Zinc dust (22.0 g, 0.33 mol, 37 eq) was added, in portions over 20 mins, to a solution of the propenyl intermediate 27 (5.5 g, 9.1 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 5% v/v formic acid/ethanol (55 mL), using an ice bath to maintain the temperature between 25-30° C. After 30 mins, the reaction mixture was filtered through a short bed of Celite®. The Celite® was washed with ethyl acetate (65 mL) and the combined organics were washed successively with water (35 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (35 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 90/10 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc) to afford the product as a pale yellow oil (3.6 g, 69.0%). LC/MS (4.439 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 575.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 6.75 (m, 1H), 6.40 (br s, 1H), 6.28 (m, 1H), 6.11 (d, 1H, J=15.4 Hz), 5.53 (m, 1H), 4.67 (m, 1H), 4.36 (m, 2H), 3.93 (br s, 1H), 3.84 (br s, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 2.86 (dd, 1H, J=15.7, 10.4 Hz), 2.73 (dd, 1H, J=15.9, 4.5 Hz), 1.80 (dd, 3H, J=6.8, 1.3 Hz), 1.35-1.23 (m, 3H), 1.12 (d, 18H, J=7.3 Hz), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.08 (s, 3H), 0.07 (s, 3H).

(d) (S,E)-allyl 2-(2-((tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)methyl)-4-(prop-1-enyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenylcarbamate (29)

Allyl chloroformate (0.83 g, 6.88 mmol, 1.1 eq) was added to a solution of the amine 28 (3.6 g, 6.26 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry DCM (80 mL) containing dry pyridine (1.09 g, 13.77 mmol, 2.2 eq) at −78° C. The dry ice was removed and the reaction mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for a further 15 minutes, LC/MS indicated complete reaction. The organic phase was washed successively with 0.01N HCl (50 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (50 mL), brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a pale yellow oil which was used in the next step without further purification (4.12 g, assumed 100% yield). LC/MS (4.862 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 659.2 [M+H]⁺.

(e) (S,E)-allyl 2-(2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(prop-1-enyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenylcarbamate (30)

The crude intermediate 29 (assumed 100% yield, 4.12 g, 6.25 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in a mixture of acetic acid (70 mL), methanol (10 mL), THF (10 mL) and water (20 mL) and allowed to stir at room temperature. After 6 hours the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (500 mL) and washed successively with water (2×500 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (300 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 1/99 v/v methanol/DCM to 5/95 v/v methanol/DCM) to afford the product as a yellow oil and a further 1 g of unreacted starting material was recovered. This material was subjected to the same reaction conditions as above, but was left stirring for 16 h. After work up and purification, additional product was isolated (2.7 g, 79%, 2 steps) LC/MS (3.742 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 545.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.38 (m, 1H), 7.72 (m, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 6.37 (m, 1H), 6.10 (d, 1H, J=15.8 Hz), 5.97 (m, 1H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 5.36 (ddd, 1H, J=17.2, 3.1, 1.5 Hz), 5.25 (ddd, 1H, J=10.4, 2.5, 1.3 Hz), 4.78 (m, 1H), 4.65 (dt, 2H, J=5.7, 1.3 Hz), 3.84 (m, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.04 (dd, 1H, J=16.7, 10.5 Hz), 2.40 (dd, 1H, J=16.0, 4.5 Hz), 1.82 (dd, 3H, J=6.8, 1.0 Hz), 1.36-1.26 (m, 3H), 1.14 (d, 18H, J=7.3 Hz).

(f) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-8-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (31)

Dry dimethyl sulfoxide (1.16 g, 14.87 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added dropwise to a solution of oxalyl chloride (0.94 g, 7.43 mmol, 1.5 eq) in DCM (25 mL) at −78° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Maintaining the temperature at −78° C., after 10 mins a solution of the primary alcohol 30 (2.7 g, 4.96 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (20 mL) was added dropwise. After a further 15 mins, dry triethylamine (2.5 g, 24.78 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added, and the reaction mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed successively with cold 0.1N HCl (50 mL), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (50 mL) and brine (10 mL) and the organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the product as a yellow oil which was used in the next step without further purification (2.68 g, assumed 100% yield). LC/MS (3.548 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 543.2 [M+H]⁺.

(g) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-8-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (32)

Tert-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoromethane sulfonate (3.93 g, 14.87 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added to a solution of the carbinolamine 31 (assumed 100% yield, 2.68 g, 4.96 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 2,6-lutidine (2.12 g, 19.83 mmol, 4.0 eq) in dry DCM (40 mL) at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for a further 60 minutes. The organic phase was washed successively with water (10 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, chloroform to 2/98 v/v Methanol/chloroform) to afford the product as a yellow oil (2.0 g, 63%, 2 steps). LC/MS (4.748 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 657.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.86 (m, 1H), 6.66 (s, 1H), 6.22 (d, 1H, J=15.4 Hz), 5.81 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 5.78 (m, 1H), 5.48 (m, 1H), 5.11 (d, 1H, J=5.0 Hz), 5.08 (m, 1H), 4.58 (dd, 1H, J=13.4, 5.4 Hz), 4.35 (dd, 1H, J=13.2, 5.7 Hz), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 1H), 3.00 (dd, 1H, J=15.6, 11.0 Hz), 2.53 (m, 1H), 1.81 (dd, 3H, J=6.8, 0.9 Hz), 1.30-1.18 (m, 3H), 1.08 (d, 9H, J=2.3 Hz), 1.06 (d, 9H, J=2.3 Hz), 0.86 (s, 9H), 0.25 (s, 3H), 0.18 (s, 3H).

(h) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (33)

Lithium acetate dihydrate (0.31 g, 3.04 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added to a solution of the diazepine 32 (2.0 g, 3.04 mmol, 1.0 eq) in wet DMF (20 mL) at 25° C. and stirred for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) and washed successively with 0.1M citric acid (50 mL, pH 3), water (50 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 50/50 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc to 25/75 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc) to afford the product as a pale yellow solid (0.68 g, 45%). LC/MS (3.352 min (ES+)), m/z: 501.1 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.66 (m, 1H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 6.03 (d, 1H, J=15.5 Hz), 5.80 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz), 5.55 (m, 1H), 5.29 (m, 1H), 4.87 (m, 2H), 4.39 (dd, 1H, J=13.5, 4.2 Hz), 4.20 (dd, 1H, J=13.2, 5.7 Hz), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 2.81 (dd, 1H, J=16.1, 10.5 Hz), 2.35 (d, 1H, J=15.7 Hz), 1.61 (d, 3H, J=6.4 Hz), 0.67 (s, 9H), 0.05 (s, 3H), 0.00 (s, 3H).

(i) (11S,11aS)-allyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-(3-iodopropoxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (34)

Diiodopropane (0.295 g, 1.00 mmol, 5.0 eq) and potassium carbonate (0.028 g, 0.20 mmol, 1.0 eq) were added to a solution of the phenol 33 (0.100 g, 0.020 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry acetone (5 mL). The reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for 6 hours when LC/MS showed complete reaction. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 75/25 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc to 50/50 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc) to afford the product as a colourless oil (0.074 g, 56%). LC/MS (3.853 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 669.0 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.26 (s, 1H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.24 (d, 1H, J=15.3 Hz), 5.87 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz), 5.78 (m, 1H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 5.12 (m, 2H), 4.65 (m, 2H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.11 (m, 1H), 3.93 (s, 3H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.40 (t, 2H, J=6.7 Hz), 3.05 (dd, 1H, J=16.3, 10.1 Hz), 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.34 (m, 2H), 1.84 (d, 3H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.28 (s, 3H), 0.26 (s, 3H).

(iii) (11S,11aS)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (39)

(a) Allyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-((4-((((2-((S)-2-(((tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)methyl)-4-((E)-prop-1-en-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl) carbamate (35)

Triethylamine (0.256 mL, 1.84 mmol, 2.2 eq) was added to a stirred solution of the amine 28 (0.480 g, 0.835 mmol, 1.0 eq) and triphosgene (0.089 g, 0.301 mmol, 0.36 eq) in dry THF (15 mL) at 5° C. (ice bath). The progress of the isocyanate reaction was monitored by periodically removing aliquots from the reaction mixture and quenching with methanol and performing LCMS analysis. Once the isocyanate reaction was complete a solution of Alloc-Val-Ala-PABOH 15 (0.473 g, 1.25 mmol, 1.5 eq) and triethylamine (0.174 mL, 1.25 mmol, 1.5 eq) in dry THF (10 mL) was rapidly added by injection to the freshly prepared isocyanate. The reaction was allowed to stir at 40° C. for 4 hours followed by stirring at room temperature overnight. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 20/80 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc to 50/50 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc, then 1/99 v/v DCM/MeOH to 5/95 v/v DCM/MeOH) to afford the product as a yellow solid (0.579 g, 71%). LC/MS (4.468 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 978.55 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.63 (br s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 7.78 (br s, 1H), 7.53 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 7.31 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.59 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.36 (br s, 1H), 6.04 (d, 1H, J=15.9 Hz), 5.90 (m, 1H), 5.55 (m, 1H), 5.33-5.21 (m, 3H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 4.66 (m, 2H), 4.57 (dd, 2H, J=5.6, 1.0 Hz), 3.98 (dd, 1H, J=7.3, 6.8 Hz), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 3H), 2.82 (dd, 1H, J=15.4, 9.6 Hz), 2.72 (dd, 1H, J=15.9, 3.5 Hz), 2.17 (m, 1H), 1.78 (dd, 3H, J=6.5, 0.8 Hz), 1.46 (d, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 1.29 (m, 3H), 1.11 (d, 18H, J=7.1 Hz), 0.97 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.92 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.83 (s, 9H), 0.04 (s, 3H), 0.01 (s, 3H).

(b) Allyl ((S)-1-(((S)-1-((4-((((2-((S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-((E)-prop-1-en-1-yl)-2,3-dihydro-H-pyrrole-1-carbonyl)-4-methoxy-5-((triisopropylsilyl)oxy)phenyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenyl)amino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)carbamate (36)

The silyl ether 35 (1.49 g, 1.52 mmol, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in a 7:1:1:2 mixture of acetic acid/methanol/tetrahydrofuran/water (14:2:2:4 mL) and allowed to stir at room temperature. After 2 hours the reaction was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), washed sequentially with water, aq. sodium bicarbonate then brine. The organic phase was then dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 100/0 then 99/1 to 92/8 v/v DCM/MeOH) to afford the product as an orange solid (1.2 g, 92%). LC/MS (3.649 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 865.44 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.44 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.69 (br s, 1H), 7.53 (d, 2H, J=8.7 Hz), 7.32 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz), 6.78 (s, 1H), 6.56 (m, 2H), 6.32 (br s, 1H), 6.05 (d, 1H, J=14.9 Hz), 5.90 (m, 1H), 5.56 (m, 1H), 5.30 (m, 2H), 5.22 (m, 1H), 5.10 (d, 2H, J=3.1 Hz), 4.73 (m, 1H), 4.64 (m, 1H), 4.57 (d, 2H, J=5.8 Hz), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.79 (m, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.98 (dd, 1H, J=16.3, 10.2 Hz), 2.38 (dd, 1H, J=16.6, 4.1 Hz), 2.16 (m, 1H), 1.78 (dd, 3H, J=6.8, 0.9 Hz), 1.46 (d, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 1.29 (m, 3H), 1.11 (d, 18H, J=7.4 Hz), 0.97 (d, 3H, J=6.7 Hz), 0.92 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz).

(c) (11S,11aS)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-8-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (37)

Dry dimethyl sulfoxide (0.180 g, 2.3 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added dropwise to a solution of oxalyl chloride (0.147 g, 1.1 mmol, 1.5 eq) in DCM (10 mL) at −78° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Maintaining the temperature at −78° C., after 20 minutes, a solution of the primary alcohol 36 (0.666 g, 0.77 mmol, 1.0 eq) in DCM (10 mL) was added dropwise. After a further 15 minutes, dry triethylamine (0.390 g, 3.85 mmol, 5.0 eq) was added, and the reaction mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed successively with cold 0.1N HCl (10 mL), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (10 mL) and brine (5 mL). The organic layer was then dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was then purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 50/50 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc to 25/75 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc) to afford the product as a white solid (0.356 g, 54%). LC/MS (3.487 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 862.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.34 (br s, 1H), 7.47 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, 2H, J=7.5 Hz), 6.86 (br s, 1H), 6.65 (br s, 1H), 6.42 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.22 (d, 1H, J=14.4 Hz), 5.80 (m, 1H), 5.40 (m, 1H), 5.53 (m, 1H), 5.32 (m, 1H), 5.21 (d, 2H, J=9.6 Hz), 5.06 (d, 1H, J=12.3 Hz), 4.90 (m, 1H), 4.58 (m, 3H), 3.98 (m, 1H), 3.84 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 3.05 (dd, 1H, J=16.0, 10.3 Hz), 2.76 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.80 (dd, 3H, J=6.7, 0.8 Hz), 1.44 (d, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 1.16 (m, 3H), 1.01 (d, 18H, J=6.6 Hz), 0.96 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.92 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz).

(d) (11S,11aS)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido) propanamido)benzyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-8-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (38)

Tert-butyldimethylsilyltrifluoromethane sulfonate (0.46 g, 1.74 mmol, 3.0 eq) was added to a solution of secondary alcohol 37 (0.5 g, 0.58 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 2,6-lutidine (0.25 g, 2.32 mmol, 4.0 eq) in dry DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. under an atmosphere of nitrogen. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for a further 120 mins. The organic phase was then washed successively with water (10 mL), saturated sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 50/50 v/v n-hexane/EtOAc) to afford the product as a white solid (0.320 g, 57%). LC/MS (4.415 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 976.52 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.31 (br s, 1H), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.21 (s, 1H), 7.14 (d, 2H, J=8.3 Hz), 6.89 (s, 1H), 6.65 (s, 1H), 6.38 (d, 1H, J=7.3 Hz), 6.25 (d, 1H, J=14.6 Hz), 5.93 (m, 1H), 5.85 (d, 1H, J=8.8 Hz), 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.34 (m, 1H), 5.24 (m, 2H), 5.15 (d, 1H, J=12.5 Hz), 4.86 (d, 1H, J=12.2 Hz), 4.62 (m, 3H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.78 (m, 1H), 3.04 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.84 (dd, 3H, J=6.6, 0.7 Hz), 1.48 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 1.20 (m, 3H), 1.05 (d, 9H, J=2.9 Hz), 1.03 (d, 9H, J=2.9 Hz), 0.99 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.95 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.88 (s, 9H), 0.27 (s, 3H), 0.14 (s, 3H).

(e) (11S,11aS)-4-((S)-2-((S)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (39)

Lithium acetate dihydrate (0.010 g, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added to a solution of the silyl ether 38 (0.100 g, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 eq) in wet DMF (2 mL) at 25° C. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed successively with 0.1M citric acid (20 mL, pH 3), water (20 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 5/95 v/v methanol/DCM) to afford the product as a pale yellow oil (0.070 g, 83%). LC/MS (3.362 min (ES+)), m/z: 820.2 [M+H]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=8.2 Hz), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.12 (d, 2H, J=8.1 Hz), 6.88 (s, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 6.47 (d, 1H, J=7.6 Hz), 6.24 (d, 1H, J=15.2 Hz), 6.03 (s, 1H), 5.92 (m, 1H), 5.84 (d, 1H, J=8.9 Hz), 5.50 (m, 1H), 5.34 (m, 1H), 5.26 (m, 2H), 5.18 (d, 1H, J=12.3 Hz), 4.80 (d, 1H, J=12.4 Hz), 4.66-4.60 (m, 3H), 4.02 (m, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.03 (m, 1H), 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.19 (m, 1H), 1.84 (dd, 3H, J=6.8, 0.8 Hz), 1.48 (d, 3H, J=7.1 Hz), 1.00 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.95 (d, 3H, J=6.8 Hz), 0.87 (s, 9H), 0.26 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 3H).

(iv) (11S,11aS)-4-((20S,23S)-1-iodo-20-isopropyl-23-methyl-2,18,21-trioxo-6,9,12,15-tetraoxa-3,19,22-triazatetracosanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(3-((S)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yloxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate 26, A)

(a) (11S, I1 aS)-allyl 8-(3-((11S,11aS)-10-((4-((R)-2-((R)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyloxy)carbonyl)-1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yloxy)propoxy)-11-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (40)

Potassium carbonate (0.030 g, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added to a solution of the phenol 39 (0.175 g, 0.21 mmol, 1.0 eq) and the iodo linker 34 (0.214 g, 0.32 mmol, 1.5 eq) in acetone (10 mL). The reaction mixture was heated under a nitrogen atmosphere at 75° C. in a sealed flask for 17 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure and purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 2/98 v/v methanol/DCM to 5/95 v/v methanol/DCM) to afford the product as a pale yellow solid (0.100 g, 35%). LC/MS (4.293 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 1359.13 [M]⁺.

(b) (11S,11aS)-allyl 8-(3-((11S,11aS)-10-((4-((R)-2-((R)-2-(allyloxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyloxy)carbonyl)-11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-5,10,11,11a-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yloxy) propoxy)-11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (41)

Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (1M, 0.22 mL, 0.22 mmol, 2.0 eq) was added to a solution of silyl ether 40 (0.150 g, 0.11 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry THF (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, after which LC/MS indicated complete reaction. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (10 mL) and washed sequentially with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to leave a yellow solid. Purification by flash chromatography (silica gel, 6/94 v/v methanol/DCM to 10/90 v/v methanol/DCM) afforded the product as a pale yellow solid (0.090 g, 73%). LC/MS (2.947 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 1154.0 [M+Na]⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.39 (br s, 1H), 7.39 (d, 2H, J=7.6 Hz), 7.18 (d, 2H, J=10.6 Hz), 7.10 (m, 3H), 6.86 (d, 2H, J=10.0 Hz), 6.74 (s, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 6.22 (dd, 2H, J=15.3, 6.6 Hz), 5.85 (m, 2H), 5.74 (m, 3H), 5.52 (m, 2H), 5.22 (m, 1H), 5.00 (m, 2H), 4.57 (m, 6H), 4.41 (m, 2H), 4.09 (m, 4H), 3.85 (m, 11H), 3.06 (m, 2H), 2.76 (m, 2H), 2.20 (m, 2H), 2.08 (m, 1H), 1.79 (d, 6H, J=6.4 Hz), 1.40 (d, 3H, J=6.1 Hz), 0.90 (m, 6H).

(c) (11S,11aS)-4-((R)-2-((R)-2-amino-3-methylbutanamido)propanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(3-((S)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yloxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (25)

Tetrakis(triphenylphospene)palladium(0) (0.005 g, 0.005 mmol, 0.06 eq) was added to a solution of the bis-carbinolamine 41 (0.090 g, 0.08 mmol, 1.0 eq) and pyrrolidine (16 μL, 0.20 mmol, 2.5 eq) in dry DCM (5 mL). After 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was diluted with DCM (10 mL) and washed sequentially with saturated ammonium chloride (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to leave the crude product as a pale yellow solid which was used in the next step without further purification (0.075 g, assumed 100% yield). LC/MS (2.060 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 947.2 [M+H]⁺.

(d) (11S,11aS)-4-((20S,23S)-1-iodo-20-isopropyl-23-methyl-2,18,21-trioxo-6,9,12,15-tetraoxa-3,19,22-triazatetracosanamido)benzyl 11-hydroxy-7-methoxy-8-(3-((S)-7-methoxy-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-5,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepin-8-yloxy)propoxy)-5-oxo-2-((E)-prop-1-enyl)-11,11a-dihydro-1H-benzo[e]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-10(5H)-carboxylate (26, A)

EDCI (0.015 g, 0.08 mmol, 1.0 eq) was added to a solution of amine 25 (assumed 100% yield 0.075 g, 0.08 mmol, 1.0 eq) and iodoacetamide-PEG₄-acid 17 (0.034 g, 0.08 mmol, 1.0 eq) in dry dichloromethane (5 mL) and the reaction was stirred in the dark. After 50 minutes, a further amount of iodoacetamide-PEG₄-acid 17 (0.007 g, 0.016 mmol, 0.2 eq) was added along with a further amount of EDCI (0.003 g, 0.016 mmol, 0.2 eq). After a total of 2.5 hours, the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (15 mL) and washed sequentially with water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, Chloroform 100% to 90:10 v/v Chloroform:Methanol). Pure fractions were combined to afford the product (0.0254 g, 23%, 2 steps). The crude fractions were collected and purified by preparative TLC (silica gel, 90:10 v/v Chloroform:Methanol) to afford a second batch of product (0.0036 g, 3%, 2 steps). LC/MS (2.689 min (ES⁺)), m/z: 681.0 1/2[M+2H]⁺.

Example 4: Activity of Released Compounds

K562 Assay

K562 human chronic myeloid leukaemia cells were maintained in RPM1 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 2 mM glutamine at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂ and were incubated with a specified dose of drug for 1 hour or 96 hours at 37° C. in the dark. The incubation was terminated by centrifugation (5 min, 300 g) and the cells were washed once with drug-free medium. Following the appropriate drug treatment, the cells were transferred to 96-well microtiter plates (10⁴ cells per well, 8 wells per sample). Plates were then kept in the dark at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. The assay is based on the ability of viable cells to reduce a yellow soluble tetrazolium salt, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT, Aldrich-Sigma), to an insoluble purple formazan precipitate. Following incubation of the plates for 4 days (to allow control cells to increase in number by approximately 10 fold), 20 μL of MTT solution (5 mg/mL in phosphate-buffered saline) was added to each well and the plates further incubated for 5 h. The plates were then centrifuged for 5 min at 300 g and the bulk of the medium pipetted from the cell pellet leaving 10-20 μL per well. DMSO (200 μL) was added to each well and the samples agitated to ensure complete mixing. The optical density was then read at a wavelength of 550 nm on a Titertek Multiscan ELISA plate reader, and a dose-response curve was constructed. For each curve, an IC₅₀ value was read as the dose required to reduce the final optical density to 50% of the control value.

Compound RelB has an IC₅₀ of 0.425 nM in this assay.

Example 5

Biotin-A20FMD V-Cys-2 (43)

A solution of the peptide 42 (12.06 mg, 4.8 μmol, 1.0 eq) in 1/1 acetonitrile/water (1 mL) was added to a solution of 24 (12.06 mg, 4.8 μmol, 1.0 eq) in 1/1 acetonitrile/water (1 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The acetonitrile/water was removed by lyophilisation to give a yellow foam. Purification by preparative HPLC followed by lyophilisation gave the product as a white foam (7.4 mg, 38%)

Preparative HPLC Method:

Reverse-phase ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) was carried out on Phenomenex Gemini NX 5μ C-18 columns of the following dimensions: 150×4.6 mm for analysis, and 150×21.20 mm for preparative work. All UPLC experiments were performed with gradient conditions: initial fixed composition 13% B to 75% B over 15 min, held for 2.0 min at 75% B, then 75% B to 13% B within 0.10 min held at 13% for 2.90 min. Total duration of gradient run was 20.00 min. Eluents used were solvent A (H₂O with 0.1% Formic acid) and solvent B (CH₃CN with 0.1% Formic acid). Flow rates used were 1.0 ml/min for analytical, and 20.0 ml/min for preparative HPLC. Detection was at 254 and 280 nm.

Analytical Data: LCMS 1.17 min (ES+) m/z (relative intensity) 1330([M+2]^(+.)/3, 5%); 998([M+3]^(+.)/4, 70); 798([M+4]^(+.)/5, 100); 665([M+5]^(+.)/6, 20).

Example 6: Formation of Conjugates

General Antibody Conjugation Procedure

Antibodies are diluted to 1-5 mg/mL in a reduction buffer (examples: phosphate buffered saline PBS, histidine buffer, sodium borate buffer, TRIS buffer). A freshly prepared solution of TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride) is added to selectively reduce cysteine disulfide bridges. The amount of TCEP is proportional to the target level of reduction, within 1 to 4 molar equivalents per antibody, generating 2 to 8 reactive thiols. After reduction for several hours at 37° C., the mixture is cooled down to room temperature and excess drug-linker (A, B) added as a diluted DMSO solution (final DMSO content of up to 10% volume/volume of reaction mixture). The mixture is gently shaken at either 4° C. or room temperature for the appropriate time, generally 1-3 hours for compound B and 10-30 hours for compound A. Excess reactive thiols can be reacted with a ‘thiol capping reagent’ like N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) at the end of the conjugation. Antibody-drug conjugates are concentrated using centrifugal spin-filters with a molecular weight cut-off of 10 kDa or higher, then purified by tangential flow filtration (TFF) or Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC). Corresponding antibody-drug conjugates can be determined by analysis by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) to assess drug-per-antibody ratio (DAR) using reverse-phase chromatography (RP) or Hydrophobic-Interaction Chromatography (HIC), coupled with UV-Visible, Fluorescence or Mass-Spectrometer detection; aggregate level and monomer purity can be analysed by HPLC or UHPLC using size-exclusion chromatography coupled with UV-Visible, Fluorescence or Mass-Spectrometer detection. Final conjugate concentration is determined by a combination of spectroscopic (absorbance at 280, 214 and 330 nm) and biochemical assay (bicinchonic acid assay BCA; Smith, P. K., et al. (1985) Anal. Biochem. 150 (1): 76-85; using a known-concentration IgG antibody as reference). Antibody-drug conjugates are generally sterile filtered using 0.2 μm filters under aseptic conditions, and stored at +4° C., −20° C. or −80° C.

Examples of particular conjugations are described below.

ADC1A

Antibody 1 (15 mg, 102 nanomoles) is diluted into 12.0 mL of a reduction buffer containing 10 mM sodium borate pH 8.4, 2.5 mM EDTA and a final antibody concentration of 1.25 mg/mL. A 10 mM solution of TCEP is added (2 molar equivalent/antibody, 204 nanomoles, 20 μL) and the reduction mixture is heated at 37° C. for two hour in an orbital incubator. After cooling down to room temperature, compound A is added as a DMSO solution (5 molar equivalent/antibody, 510 nanomoles, in 1.2 mL DMSO). The solution is mixed 18 hour at room temperature, then transferred into a 15 mL Amicon Ultracell 50 kDa MWCO spin filter, concentrated to ca. 2.0 mL and injected into a AKTA™ FPLC using a GE Healthcare XK16/70 column packed with Superdex 200 PG, eluting with 1.5 mL/min of sterile-filtered Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Fractions corresponding to the desired ADC monomer peak are pooled, analysed and sterile-filtered. BCA assay gives a concentration of final ADC1A at 0.67 mg/mL in 12.5 mL, and the obtained mass is 8.4 mg (56% yield). HPLC analysis on a Waters Alliance system using a Agilent PLRP-S 1000 A 8 um 150×2.1 mm column eluting with a gradient of water and acetonitrile on a reduced sample of ADC1A at 280 nm shows a mixture of light and heavy chains attached to several molecules of A, consistent with a drug-per-antibody ratio (DAR) of 2.2 molecules of A per antibody. SEC analysis on an AKTA™ FPLC using a GE Healthcare XK16/70 column packed with Superdex 200 PG, eluting with sterile-filtered Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on a sample of ADC1A at 280 nm shows a monomer purity of 95.3% with 4.7% aggregates.

ADC1B

Antibody 1(15 mg, 102 nanomoles) is diluted into 12.0 mL of a reduction buffer containing 10 mM sodium borate pH 8.4, 2.5 mM EDTA and a final antibody concentration of 1.25 mg/mL. A 10 mM solution of TCEP is added (2 molar equivalent/antibody, 204 nanomoles, 20 μL) and the reduction mixture was heated at 37° C. for two hour in an orbital incubator. After cooling down to room temperature, Compound B is added as a DMSO solution (5 molar equivalent/antibody, 510 nanomoles, in 1.2 mL DMSO). The solution is mixed 5 hour at room temperature, then a second amount of Compound B is added as a DMSO solution (2 molar equivalent/antibody, 200 nanomoles, in 0.6 mL DMSO). The solution is mixed 15 hour at room temperature, then transferred into a 15 mL Amicon Ultracell 50 kDa MWCO spin filter, concentrated to ca. 2.0 mL and injected into an AKTA™ FPLC using a GE Healthcare XK16/70 column packed with Superdex 200 PG, eluting with 1.5 mL/min of sterile-filtered Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Fractions corresponding to ADC1B monomer peak are pooled, analysed and sterile-filtered. BCA assay gives a concentration of final ADC1B at 1.02 mg/mL in 10.5 mL, and the obtained mass is 10.7 mg (71% yield). HPLC analysis on a Waters Alliance system using a Agilent PLRP-S 1000 A 8 um 150×2.1 mm column eluting with a gradient of water and acetonitrile on a reduced sample of ADC1B at 280 nm and 330 nm (drug-linker specific) shows a mixture of light and heavy chains attached to several molecules of B, consistent with a drug-per-antibody ratio (DAR) of 2.2 molecules of B per antibody. SEC analysis on a AKTA™ FPLC using a GE Healthcare XK16/70 column packed with Superdex 200 PG, eluting with sterile-filtered Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) on a sample of ADC1B at 280 nm shows a monomer purity of 94.9% with 5.1% aggregates.

Example 7: In Vivo ADC Efficacy Studies

CB.17 SCID mice, aged 8-12 weeks, are injected with 1 mm³ tumour fragments subcutaneously in the flank. When tumours reach an average size of 100-150 mm³, treatment is begun. Mice are weighed twice a week. Tumour size is measured twice a week. Animals are monitored individually. The endpoint of the experiment is a tumour volume of 1000 mm³ or 60 days, whichever comes first. Responders can be followed longer.

Groups of 10 xenografted mice are injected i.v. with 0.2 ml of antibody drug conjugate (ADC), or naked antibody, in phosphate buffered saline (vehicle) or with 0.2 ml of vehicle alone. The concentration of ADC is adjusted to give, for example, 0.3 or 1.0 mg ADC/kg body weight in a single dose. Three identical doses may be given to each mouse at intervals of, for example, 1 week.

All documents and other references mentioned above are herein incorporated by reference.

Abbreviations

-   Ac acetyl -   Acm acetamidomethyl -   Alloc allyloxycarbonyl -   Boc di-tert-butyl dicarbonate -   t-Bu tert-butyl -   Bzl benzyl, where Bzl-OMe is methoxybenzyl and Bzl-Me is     methylbenzene -   Cbz or Z benzyloxy-carbonyl, where Z—Cl and Z—Br are chloro- and     bromobenzyloxy carbonyl respectively -   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide -   Dnp dinitrophenyl -   DTT dithiothreitol -   Fmoc 9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl -   imp N-10 imine protecting group:     3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propanoate-Val-Ala-PAB -   MC-OSu maleimidocaproyl-O—N-succinimide -   Moc methoxycarbonyl -   MP maleimidopropanamide -   Mtr 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethtylbenzenesulfonyl -   PAB para-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl -   PEG ethyleneoxy -   PNZ p-nitrobenzyl carbamate -   Psec 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethoxycarbonyl -   TBDMS tert-butyldimethylsilyl -   TBDPS tert-butyldiphenylsilyl -   Teoc 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl -   Tos tosyl -   Troc 2,2,2-trichlorethoxycarbonyl chloride -   Trt trityl -   Xan xanthyl 

1. A method of synthesising compound B:

from:


2. The method of claim 1, which proceeds via the intermediate:


3. The method of claim 1, which comprises the steps of: (i) removal of the Alloc

protecting groups; (ii) reaction of the product with Mal-(PEG)₈-acid.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein removal of the Alloc protecting groups is carried out by the use of Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0).
 5. The method of claim 4, where the removal of the Alloc protecting groups by the use of Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) occurs in the presence of pyrrolidine.
 6. The method of claim 3 where the removal of the Alloc protecting groups is carried out in dichloromethane.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein reaction with Mal-(PEG)₈-acid is carried out in the presence of EDCI (1-ethyl-3-(3′-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide).
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein reaction with Mal-(PEG)₈-acid is carried out in dichloromethane. 